Carolina Book Festival 2016

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Book Signing

Carolina Book Fest is a book signing taking place in the Queen City
of Charlotte, North Carolina, on October 15, 2016. The book signing will
be held at the Marriott City Center (100 West Trade Street) in downtown Charlotte from 10 AM to 3 PM.
This is the perfect opportunity to meet over 100 bestselling authors from all
genres!  You can find more information on the Marriott by going here.

Monster Mash (After Party)

Join us at 7:30 PM back at the Marriott for our Monster Mash! We will be throwing an epic after party to end our night! Dress in your best costume and get ready to mingle with authors and readers!  A cash bar will be provided at the party.

Admission Prices

Book Signing: $15

Book Signing & After Party: $25

If you are interested in purchasing tickets to attend Carolina Book Fest 2016, they can be purchased here:  http://bit.ly/carolinabookfest2016tickets

Attending AuthorsCBF Attending Authors May 2016 Update

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John Skelton (1460 – 1529), Tudor Poet

51IbLD28kdL._SY344_BO1,204,203,200_The Poetry Foundation tells us something of John Skelton. “No one can deny the power, endurance, and memorable lines of the work of John Skelton; he is indisputably the first major Tudor poet, writing during the reigns of Edward IV, Richard III, and (for most of his career) Henry VII and Henry VIII. His poems are by turn lyric, passionate, vitriolic, learned, allusive, bewildering, scriptural, satiric, grotesque, and even obscene; his one extant play, Magnificence (circa 1530), makes dramatic allegory sternly didactic and pointedly political. Yet while Skelton’s importance is clear enough, just how he is to be read and evaluated has always been contested. His poems might be royalist in tone, or they might be highly critical of government; he could write for the court and his patrons, the Howard family, yet still need political sanctuary; he could write a moving lament for a young novitiate’s loss of a pet sparrow at the same time that he was castigating his own parish curate, the archbishop of York, and the lord chancellor. While his poems seem to have circulated widely, few of them were published in his lifetime. Nor have readers in later times fared much better in penetrating his meaning and appreciating his style. After the Reformation, George Puttenham found this very Catholic poet a ‘rude railing rhymer,’ and Ben Jonson used him as a character, but in a character, but in an antimasque; by the time of Alexander Pope he was “beastly Skelton,” offensive for his attack on a village alewife in The Tunning of Elinor Rumming (circa 1521), a poem which nevertheless remained in print throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, often as the single representation of his art.

“In recent scholarship, there remains much disagreement. John M. Berdan, without much quarrel, called Skelton in 1920 “the greatest English poet to have been born in the fifteenth century”; he is seen as an erudite and clever poet of considerable breadth by F. W. Brownlow; an early-Tudor humanist steeped in classical learning by William Nelson; a poet primarily concerned with the literary aspect of his poems, as in his play with the medieval strategies of satire, by A. R. Heiserman; a chiefly rhetorical poet who invokes a reader response through his personal engagements and disengagements with his subjects for Stanley Eugene Fish; and essentially a priest who used poetic and dramatic works to instruct the laity by basing them in scriptural lessons and liturgical services of the Roman Catholic church for Arthur F. Kinney. Perhaps the best way to recover and understand Skelton’s work is to consider all of these perspectives.”

Skelton began his career as a sober scholar and ended it as a ribald priest. He brought to his vernacular poems an originality of style. He was known for his flow of voluble verse, unrestrained satire and jocularity, and a profusion of grotesque imagery mixed with Latin and East Anglican phrases. It is as a satirist that Skelton displays great merit. His best satires are (1) “The Boke of Colin Clout,” which is a general attack on the ignorance and sensuality of the clergy; (2) “Why Come Ye Not to Courte,” a fierce invective against Cardinal Wolsey from whom the poet had not received expected preferment; and (3) “The Bouge of “Courte,” a type of allegorical satire on the right to nations at King Henry VIII’s table. 

“‘The Bouge of Court’ is typical of the medieval tradition in several ways. [“Bouge” means “Rewards” or “Provisions.”] It uses rhyme royal to tell a dream allegory, relies heavily on personification and the use of court terms, and has the usual astronomical opening and closing apology. The prologue begins with allusions to the sun, the moon, and Mars. The narrator wishes he could write, but being warned by Ignorance not to try, he lies down and dreams of going aboard a ship, The Bouge of Court, which is owned by Sans Peer and captained by Fortune. The narrator, who reveals that he is called Drede, is first accosted and frightened by Danger, the chief gentlewoman of Sans Peer. Before Drede can flee, he is soothed by Desire, who persuades him to stay aboard.

“After this introduction comes the main body of the poem, which consists of conversation between Drede and seven of the passengers, Skelton’s representations of the seven deadly sins. Drede first describes the approaching figure in unforgettable detail; then, as the figure speaks, an even sharper focus of his personality is achieved. The seven passengers are named Favel or Flattery, Suspect, Harvy Hafter, Disdain, Riot, Dissimulation, and Deceit. Harvy Hafter is Skelton’s most colorful creation in the poem, and he is still around.” (The Poetry of John Skelton)

ef116918d92d4187eca3a7b5b9ac87b0In the “Picture of Riot from the Boure of Courte,” for example, Riot is described as rushing upon deck, unkempt and ragged, throwing dice, and swearing. His hair has grown through his hat, his eyes are bleared, and his face shiny. His clothes were torn and tattered, patched in places, broken through in others as at the elbows and knees. He went along singing, his dagger by his side and his pockets empty. 

“Philip Sparrow” is a mock-elegy for the loss of a girl’s pet sparrow. This girl’s name is Mistress Jane Scope. The mock-elegy is written in typical Skeltonian verse, which is a rattling, breathless sort of doggerel. The verse is usually trimeter, but it is too irregular to be classified. There are frequent lines in Latin so it seems almost macaronic verse. “Following a medieval point of view, Skelton wrote this poem in the short-lined couplets, tercets, and quatrains now known as Skeltonic verse. This poem is Skelton’s most playful and most popular work; in it, readers see the poet in a mood in which he casts dignity and restraint aside and indulges himself in a bit of fantasy. He describes the activities of the bird, its death, and its funeral. It is a long and rather loose poem that can be broken into three distinct parts. Skelton gives the reader his appraisal of Geoffrey Chaucer, John Gower, and John Lydgate, and uses the opportunity to display his wide reading in Greek and Latin. He parodies the funeral mass by having the whole host of birds chant over the dead body of Philip Sparrow.” (The Poetry of Skelton)

“Tunning of Eleanor Rumming” is a satire of the drunken hags of the time. “Tunning” means “Brewing.” The poem begins with a powerful and disgusting portrait of Eleanor; 

Her loathly lere (face)/ Is nothing clear/ But ugly of cheer/ Droopy and drowsy/ Scurvy and lousy.

In “Colin Clout,” Skelton speaks out against the clergy and the indifference of the people to their corruption. Colin admits both sides, the clergy and the laity, are in the wrong. The clergy have neglected their flocks. Bishops are lazy and covetous. Colin is bitter against the practice of selling indulgences. The clergy fatten on the poor people’s sufferings. 

Criticism of John Skelton: As a court poem and cleric and satirist, most view Skelton as half medieval and half modern. He is a herald of the Renaissance, which was soon destined to arrive in England. Like the later Elizabethans, he used classical models for some of his verse, but like the poets of the Renaissance, his poetry is formless. His diction is curious for it does not follow standards of English. He mixes Latin phrases with his native dialect.

“One fundamental difficulty in understanding Skelton is that very little is known of his life, and the absence of facts has been filled in over the centuries with legend and myth as well as, on occasion, questionable evidence—there were about one hundred John Skeltons born in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries—or conflicting evidence—he seems to have written The Garland of Laurel both near the middle and the end of his life, and the result is a layered poem with some obscure passages. There are few extant documents that can be associated with him with certainty, so that the biography of the poet whom William Wordsworth once described as “a demon in point of genius” rests on such demonizing Protestant works as the anonymous Merry Tales of Skelton (1567), which make him into a legendary subject for jest and even scurrility, and on the genius Skelton inscribes for himself in his work. Both sources can be unreliable if not treacherous unless the reader is careful, so that any reconstruction of his life is more or less conjectural. (Poetry Foundation)

 

 

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Welcome Suspense Writer, Tierney James, and the Latest Release in the Enigma Series

Pati Tierney 4 Low ResToday, I welcome fellow Black Opal Books Author, Tierney James, and news of her latest release. Tierney and I have included a short Q and A to introduce her and her Enigma mystery series. 

I know you love to travel. Tells us a few places you have been. 

Besides serving as a Solar System Ambassador for NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab and attending Space Camp for Educators, I have traveled across the world. From the Great Wall of China to floating the Okavango Delta of Botswana, Africa, I enjoy tying my unique experiences into my writing projects such as the action thriller novel, An Unlikely Hero, the first in the Enigma Series, along with Winds of Deception, the second in that series. I lived on a Native American reservation and in a mining town for many years, and those experiences fuel the type of characters I love to create. 

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You started out writing a series of books involving Enigma, a secretly funded Homeland Security agency that work off the books. How did you get interested in writing these stories?

It was a case of mistaken identity. When I lived in Northern California people kept thinking I was someone named Melanie. Even the DMV questioned me when I tried to get a driver’s license. So I started wondering who she was; could she be in danger, a spy, a dangerous criminal or maybe someone who lived a double life? My imagination went into overdrive.

How is your main character, Tessa Scott like you?

Let’s see. I bake really good chocolate chip cookies, have blonde curly hair and possess a taste for adventure. I lived in Grass Valley where the story takes place and that house, well, I lived there too.

Rooftop Angels is #3 in the Enigma Series. How is it different from the first two?

Tessa is a lot more confident and is working for Enigma full time through the State Department. She also commits the ultimate crime and works with a notorious drug dealer. There are also children in this novel that need protecting.

Why did you choose Afghanistan for the setting for this book?

My dad gave me a National Geographic that featured the Kyrgyz tribesmen of the Wahkan Valley in Northern Afghanistan. They are a hardy and beautiful people. I fell in love with them. I wanted to bring them into my life and into Enigma.

What can we expect in the future from Enigma?

Expect them to become involved with the Kurds who are fighting ISIS, as well as an unexpected marriage proposal and pregnancy, and a trip to China.

Traditional or Indie Published? Explain please.

I’m a hybrid author so I do both. I love the control of indie and I make more money. Traditional publishing opens a few more doors for me, and I love that whole process of working with top notch people.

Tell readers something that touches your heart.

Mission K9 Rescue, located in Texas works with military dogs to rescue, rehabilitate, and reunite with soldiers. They are amazing!

RooftopAngelsTierneyJames200x300  Rooftop Angels from Tierney James 

When Tessa Scott wakes with blood on her hands in a rat infested shack in Afghanistan, she discovers six orphan girls and the Undersecretary of State counting on her for protection. Confused at how she got there or why a smoldering Black Hawk helicopter has crashed outside the village, forces her into yet another adventure of cat and mouse with the Taliban who intend to kidnap them. With the help of a Kyrgyz tribesman and his men, they elude the danger only to discover their protection comes at a price which involves marriage to the leader. An unexpected chance at new love outweighs the secret Tessa must now carry forever. Meanwhile Captain Hunter, an Enigma agent, desperately searches for her before she disappears on the rooftop of the world. A race against time and ruthless drug lords, who work with the U.S. government, create obstacles which change Tessa’s life in a way she never expected.

Purchase Links: 

Kindle         Amazon      Barnes & Noble

You can learn more of Tierney on… 

Facebook             Twitter   @TierneyJames          Pinterest 

Amazon Author Page         Lipstick and Danger Website 

You might also be interested in…

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Posted in Black Opal Books, blog hop, book release, books, eBooks, Guest Blog, Guest Post, mystery, suspense, writing | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , | Comments Off on Welcome Suspense Writer, Tierney James, and the Latest Release in the Enigma Series

Queen Victoria’s Growing Family and the Need for a Better Environment for the Royal Children

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Alice (right) and her sister Victoria in the 1850s wikipedia

Princess Alice Maud Mary, the third child and second daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, arrived at Buckingham Palace 25 April 1843. Reportedly, the queen knew the severity of her labor, but the delivery itself was quite short, only about four hours. Although neither Victoria or Albert appeared concerned that the birth was of another daughter there were those who expressed “disappointment” that the succession was not shored up by the birth of a second son. Despite his removal from office of Prime Minister and of his health issues of crippling stroke, Lord Melbourne received the news of Princess Alice’s birth with great joy, and as “Alice” was one of his favorite female names, Melbourne celebrated the sovereign’s choice of names. 

After Alice’s birth, Victoria declared the need for different quarters for their growing family and for the queen’s social requirements. As George IV had incurred a debt of £1 million to remodel Buckingham Palace, convincing the British taxpayer of a need for a nicer nursery for the royal children was impossible. We must recall that at this time that Buckingham was surrounded by the unclean of Pimlico. The air was often filled with soot and foul smells, especially as Industrial Revolution brought more furnaces and stovepipes and smoldering garbage. 

wc_spring_2015_v4The royal family customarily escaped to Windsor to avoid the constant stench of London. “Windsor Castle is a royal residence at Windsor in the English county of Berkshire. It is notable for its long association with the British royal family and for its architecture. The original castle was built in the 11th century after the Norman invasion of England by William the Conqueror. Since the time of Henry I, it has been used by all monarchs, and is the longest-occupied palace in Europe.” (Windsor Castle)

Yet despite Windsor’s twenty mile remove from Buckingham Palace and the stench of London, it had its deficits. The most prominent of those was the inability to drain properly the sanitary needs of the neighborhood. “The primitive sanitary arrangements often caused a nearly over-powering stink, particularly when rainstorms overtaxed the drains. Randomly sited cesspits and foul odors in the summer from the sludgy Thames served only to increase Victoria’s impatience to get away from everything that was old. What she and Albert coveted for themselves and their growing family was cleanliness, space, and …privacy.” (Jerrold M. Packard, Victoria’s Daughters, page 28)

Osborne_House,_Isle_of_Wight,_England-LCCN2002708248The need for a better environment for their family sent the royal pair upon a search. When a property became available on the Isle of Wight, Albert entered into serious negotiations with the seller. Soon they took possession of Osborne House. “Osborne House is a former royal residence in East Cowes, Isle of Wight, United Kingdom. The house was built between 1845 and 1851 for Queen Victoria and Prince Albert as a summer home and rural retreat. Prince Albert designed the house himself in the style of an Italian Renaissance palazzo. The builder was Thomas Cubitt, the London architect and builder whose company built the main façade of Buckingham Palace for the royal couple in 1847. An earlier smaller house on the site was demolished to make way for a new and far larger house, though the original entrance portico survives as the main gateway to the walled garden.” (Osborne House)

The house included a full-sized “Swiss Cottage” for the playtime of the royal princes and princesses. But the “cottage” was also a learning tool. The girls learned something of tending to the house and to serve tea to their parents, while the boys learned to take care of the gardens and upkeep of the house. It was at Osborne that the royal children got to be just that: children (or as childlike as any royal may be). 

200px-Christian_Friedrich,_Baron_Stockmar

wikipedia ~ Baron Stockmar

The children practiced the educational regimen designed by fellow Coburger, Baron Christian Friedrich Freiherr von Stockmar. “He was educated as a physician, and became the personal physician of Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in 1816 at the time of Leopold’s marriage to Princess Charlotte of the United Kingdom, the only child of King George IV. Charlotte died giving birth to a stillborn son about a year later (had she lived, Leopold would have been Prince Consort of the United Kingdom), and Stockmar stayed in Leopold’s service as his private secretary, comptroller of the household, and political advisor. In 1837, he was sent by Leopold to serve as advisor to Queen Victoria: one of his first tasks was to brief her on whether Leopold’s nephew, Prince Albert, was a suitable mate. After the marriage of Victoria and Albert, Stockmar became their unofficial counsellor, including in the education of Victoria’s son and heir, the future King Edward VII, and intervened in several crises.” (Christian Friedrich Freiherr von Stockmar)

Stockmar earmarked an educational program for the royal children that included the “Child’s natural instincts.” Ironically, Prince Albert Edward (Bertie), the Prince of Wales, was not academically inclined, and the future king would resist all his tutor’s attempts to bring him in line with the program. The Princess Royal, on the other hand, was the perfect student. Jerrold Packard (page 30) says, “The potential dangers of their daughter’s brilliance were, of course, unseen by her proud and delighted parents. To her father, Vicky soon seemed a paragon of perfection. Vicky’s brother suffered in his mother’s evaluation the misfortune of coming up short in intellectual comparison. Many bitter weeds would go into the brew that poisoned more than a half century of relations between Victoria and this son. But one of the vilest was the early and invidious contrasting of Bertie and Vicky, the latter inevitably prevailing in their mother’s eye. 

220px-Alfred-sachsen-coburg-gotha“Throughout her childhood, Vicky’s egotism represented one of her least admirable traits, a sense of superiority that would for years have her lording her natural authority over her sisters and brothers, as well as the servants, and even, sometimes, her mother’s ministers. …[I]n August 1844…Prince Alfred [joined the royal nursery]. His family diminutized [his given name] to “Affie,” a name that stuck for fifty-six years of his life – was from birth preordained for a non-English adulthood. In a joint decision with Albert’s childless brother Ernest (who succeeded to Coburg’s throne the year Affie was born), Victoria and Albert designated this son as the uncle’s heir. Bertie would have been the normal successor (after Albert himself), but as the Prince of Wales, [Bertie’s] future sovereignty of the kingdom, was, of course, already set. The family firmly believed Coburg required a full-time monarch. And so Affie would from his earliest childhood be taught to love, as his mother would put it, ‘the dear small country to which he belongs in every respect, as does his papa.’ [Affie] grew up far the handsomest of Victoria’s sons, little suspecting that time would bring a strange, ultimately ruinous mixture of adventure and tragedy, and a life more distant from his mother than that of any of his siblings.” 

 

 

Posted in British history, family, George IV, Great Britain, Industrial Revolution, Victorian era | Tagged , , , , , , | 4 Comments

19th Century Childbirth Before and After Princess Charlotte’s Death

(This post originally appeared on Geri Walton’s Unique Histories of the 18th and 19th Century blog.) 

130906_TWO_ByrthFygures.jpg.CROP.article250-medium

Clockwise from top: Woman’s stool (birthing chair); fetus in uterus, head down, marked “This is the naturall [sic] and best way of birth”; fetus in uterus, feet down. Courtesy of Thomas Raynalde/ Tradition of Science/Leonard C. Bruno/Library of Congress http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science_of_longevity/2013/09/death_in_childbirth_doctors_increased_maternal_mortality_in_the_20th_century.html

I am writing a new Regency era novel in which a forceps birth is required. To write the scene and the ramifications of the procedure, more research was required into such a difficult delivery. Having written about a less complicated delivery in a previous book, I held some knowledge of the history of forceps dating back to William Chamberlen and his two sons, both named Peter, Francois Mauriceau, and Van Roonhuysen, but the first story was set before the tragic death of Princess Charlotte in 1817 and the controversy which followed.

In Princess Charlotte’s case, she was some two weeks past her due date when she went into labor. The labor lasted some 50 hours, and she was pronounced dead 5 hours after the stillborn was delivered. The princess’s physician, Sir Richard Croft, removed the placenta after a difficult uterine examination. Three hours later, Princess Charlotte hemorrhaged and passed. This left Prince George (the future George IV), without an heir. Sir Richard committed suicide because of the criticism of his treatment of the princess. The use of forceps were more acceptable after this incident.

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Two images of childbirth. Plate 23 (left) shows a child in the womb with the umbilical cord. Plate 24 shows forceps being used to deliver the child. Courtesy of William Smellie and John Norman/Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science_of_longevity/2013/09/death_in_childbirth_doctors_increased_maternal_mortality_in_the_20th_century.html

The history of forceps include William Smellie’s advancements. He is often considered the proponent of forceps delivery. In the mid 1700s, he designed his own forceps. His “English lock” permitted the blades of the forceps to be inserted into the woman’s vagina separately. He originally covered the blades with leather, and they were lubricated with hog lard. Smellie published the ‘Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Midwifery’ in 1752. (Studd J. “Pioneers in obstetrics and gyanaecology 1: William Smellie.” Diplomate 1994; 1: 153–4.)

Treatise_on_the_Art_of_Midwifery

Elizabeth Nihell, a leading midwife of the period, opposed Smellie’s methods. Nihell trained at Paris’s Hôtel Dieu, a hospital which taught midwifery. In the two years of her residence she witnessed 2000+ births. When she moved to London, Nihell advertised as a midwife in the London Evening Post. In 1760, Nihell published ‘A Treatise of the Art of Midwifery,’ a public statement against Smellie’s development of forceps delivery and opposing the idea of male midwifery, in general. Nihell claimed that few deliveries required the use of forceps.

Smellie_forceps

Obstetrical Forceps, by Smellie (1792) – Public Domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forceps_in_childbirth#/media/File:Forceps.Smellie.jpg

But forceps were not the only changes from the late 1700s to early 1800s saw. For example, in the 1700s most births were under the care of a midwife. Even Queen Charlotte employed the services of a midwife for the delivery of her fifteen children. The theory of humors, bloodletting, and purging were still common practices of “medicine.” There were some advances: A well-lit, airy birthing chamber replaced the heated lying-in chamber of the early part of the 18th Century. This was to ward off puerperal fever. Specialized birthing beds were seen in wealthier homes. Modesty was achieved by placing the woman on her side with her knees curled up during the delivery. The doctor would be behind her during this process. Even with these improvements, women were still expected to withdraw from society and from any duties for at least a month before her delivery.

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Drawing of childbirth with use of forceps by William Smellie – Public Domain McLeod – Historical Medical Books at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia William Smellie (1697-1763): A Sett of Anatomical Tables with Explanations and an Abridgement of the Practice of Midwifery, 1754. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forceps_in_childbirth#/media/File:Smellie_forceps.jpg

The early 19th Century saw a more “scientific” birth approach in medicine. In addition to instruments to aid in difficult births, there were changes in birthing chairs. Ironically, most experts of the period speak to the fact that men waited to around age 30 to marry so they might be financially sound, but girls made their debut in Society as young as 16. Often it is heard that men married young girls because it was thought that the younger females could more easily withstand the rigors of childbirth. But even 200 years later, childbirth is the sixth most common cause of death for women aged 20-35. No matter the advances in medicine, women still die of postpartum sepsis (known as puerperal fever in earlier times), hemorrhage, eclampsia, etc.

Yet, before forceps, doctors ripped babies in breech or stuck in the birth canal from the woman’s vagina. Do you recall these lines from Shakespeare’s Macbeth (Act 5, Scene 8)?

MACBETH

     Thou losest labor.

As easy mayst thou the intrenchant air

With thy keen sword impress as make me bleed.

Let fall thy blade on vulnerable crests;

I bear a charmèd life, which must not yield

To one of woman born.

MACDUFF

     Despair thy charm,

And let the angel whom thou still hast served

Tell thee, Macduff was from his mother’s womb

Untimely ripped.

Sometimes those attending to the delivery cracked the baby’s skull, killing the newborn in order to spare the mother. Other times, the woman’s pubic bone was broken, which often killed the mother but saved the baby. Doctors had a collection of resources, including tools to hook a hard-to-deliver baby and drag it from the womb. Ironically, most of these gadgets resembled medieval torture tools.

Excellent Sources on the Subject Include:

Bull, Thomas. Hints to Mothers, For the Management of Health During the Period of Pregnancy, and in the Lying-in Room: with an Exposure of Popular Errors in Connexion with those Subjects and Hints Upon Nursing, Wiley & Putnam, New York, 1877.

Dewhurst, Jack. Royal Confinements, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1980.

Leavitt, Judith Walzer. Brought to Bed: Childbearing in America 1750-1950, Oxford University Press, New York.

imagesLewis, Judith Schneid. In the Family Way: Childbearing in the British Aristocracy, 1760-1860, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1986.

Loudon, Irvine. Death in Childbirth: An International Study of Maternal Care and Maternal Mortality 1800-1950, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992. (available on Google Books)

Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher. A Midwife’s Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard, Based on her Diary, 1785-1812, Knopf, New York, 1990.

Meet Regina Jeffers: Regina Jeffers, an award-winning author of historical cozy mysteries, Austenesque sequels and retellings, as well as Regency era romances, has worn many hats over her lifetime: daughter, student, military brat, wife, mother, grandmother, teacher, tax preparer, journalist, choreographer, Broadway dancer, theatre director, history buff, grant writer, media literacy consultant, and author. Living outside of Charlotte, NC, Jeffers writes novels that take the ordinary and adds a bit of mayhem, while mastering tension in her own life with a bit of gardening and the exuberance of her “grand joys.”

Every Woman Dreams Blog    and     Austen Authors Blog    

Regina Jeffers Website (excerpts, news and events, reviews, etc.)    

You may also find Regina at

Amazon Author Page      Twitter @reginajeffers         Facebook   

 

 

 

Posted in British history, Georgian England, Georgian Era, Great Britain, history, Living in the Regency, Living in the UK, medicine, Victorian era | Tagged , , , , , , , | 2 Comments

Eliza de Feuillide, Jane Austen’s Saucy Cousin and Sister in Marriage

eliza 3What do we know of Jane Austen’s cousin, Eliza de Feuillide, other than the fact she became Henry Austen’s wife?

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Philadelphia Austen Hancock

Austen’s sister in marriage was born in Calcutta, India, on 22 December 1761 to her British parents, Philadelphia Austen (sister of Jane Austen’s father, George) and Tyson Saul Hancock, a physician with the East India Company. Eliza Hancock was, therefore, first cousin to the Austen siblings. Philadelphia had traveled to India in January 1752 with the specific purpose of finding a husband. She had no dowry, and so she met and married Hancock within six months of her arrival in the country. The couple had no children through the first 8 years of their marriage. It was only after the couple changed residences and took the acquaintance of Warren Hastings, the future Governor General of India, that Mrs. Hancock found herself with child. Many scholars believe that Hastings was Eliza’s father, but at any rate, he did serve as Eliza’s godfather. He presented her with £10,000 as a trust fund.

NPG 4445,Warren Hastings,by Sir Joshua Reynolds

Warren Hastings by Sir Joshua Reynolds, painting, 1767-1768

Mother and daughter traveled to England in 1768, while Hancock remained in India to finance their future. Unfortunately, Hancock died in 1775. Philadelphia took Eliza to live in Paris in 1777 for it was cheaper to live there than in England. In Paris, Eliza experienced a social coupe of sorts. She was known to have attended parties at the court of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI. Eliza enjoyed the lifestyle offered to her in Paris. She was known to be a great horsewoman, and she opening expressed a passion for hot air ballooning in her letters to her cousins. At age 20, Eliza met and married a French Army captain if the Dragoons, Jean-François de Feuillide, who eventually became a French count.

Eliza was traveling to England by ship when she gave birth to Hastings de Feuillide, who was known to have seizures and learning difficulties. This was her second pregnancy, the first ending with a miscarriage. Eliza’s cousin Phylly Walter wrote in a letter, “[Hastings] has had another fit; we all fear very much his faculties are hurt; many people say he has the appearance of a weak head.” (Deirdre Le Faye, Jane Austen’s Letters, 85) He was slow to learn to walk and to speak. Some wonder of Eliza’s maternal instincts for she once referred to the child as “my wonderful Brat.” More than likely, Eliza experienced the frustration and the feeling of hopelessness when confronted with her son’s seizures.

Eliza, the baby, and Philadelphia arrived at Stevenson to mark Christmastide 1786. An eleven-year-old Jane found much to admire in this sophisticated husband. Henry Austen flirted with his cousin, who was ten years his senior. When Eliza’s husband was guillotined in 1794, Eliza, Hastings, and Philadelphia fled the reign of terror.

She did not play the role of “grieving widow.” Instead, Eliza defied social expectations. She acted as her own woman, despite suffering social disdain. Eliza’s cousin Phylly Walter said of Eliza, “Poor Eliza must be left at last friendless & alone. The gay and dissipated life she has so long had so plentiful a share of has not ensured her friends among the worthy; on the contrary many who otherwise have regarded her have blamed her for her conduct and will now resign her acquaintance. I have always felt concerned and pitied her thoughtlessness.” (Deirdre Le Faye, Jane Austen’s ‘Outlandish Cousin,’ London, British Library, 2002)

Henry Austen

Henry Austen

Eliza regained some of her reputation when she married Henry Austen in 1797.

Jane appeared in awe of Eliza’s worldliness, and they shared a biting insight into the foibles of others. Eliza was known to be a bit outlandish, but she was also noted for her optimism, her caring nature, and her intelligence. Hastings died in 1801, assumably from epilepsy. Eliza passed after a long illness on 25 April 1813.

Many think that the amorous and amoral Lady Susan Vernon is based on something of Eliza Austen. If nothing else, the rambunctious Eliza “introduced” the vicar’s daughter to the “puzzling matter of sexual attraction.” (Claire Tomalin, Jane Austen: A Life. New York, Vintage, 1999)

Sources: 

Cousin Eliza, the incurable flirt who inspired Jane Austen from The Telegraph

Eliza Hancock de Feuillide Austen from Madame Gilfurt

Eliza (nee Hancock, then de Feuillide) Austen: kindly, strong, deep feeling and thoughtful from Reveries Under the Sign of Austen

Philadelphia Hancock-Austen, Eliza Hancock, Eliza de Feuillide

 

Posted in British history, family, fashion, Georgian England, Georgian Era, Jane Austen, Living in the Regency, marriage, marriage customs, Regency era, Regency personalities | Tagged , , , , , , , | 7 Comments

Meet Author Barbara Gaskell Denvil, Parachuting into Escapism with the Release of “Fair Weather”

barbara 2 copyToday I welcome one of dear “internet” friends, Barbara Gaskell Denvil, who has an exciting new release. Barbara agree to a short interview so we could all learn more of her and LEARN you will. She is absolutely fascinating. 

First, tell us a bit about yourself. From where do you come? Past jobs, awards, the usual bio stuff. I often say I have worn 25+ “monikers” in my lifetime. What of you?

I was born in rural England and grew up adoring history, art and literature. My father was an artist, and for many years I assumed that seeing nude models wandering around the house was a normal part of any childhood. I devoured books and the wonder and joy of reading lights my memories. I first worked in the old British Museum Library in London, and then for a publisher, a TV company, and for magazines and newspapers. But my literary career came to a halt with the interruption of domesticity and early motherhood.

What’s the craziest, bravest, or stupidest thing you’ve ever done?

On a short weekend trip to the South of France undergone simply to assist a friend who was in difficulty, I unexpectedly met an Italian count, fell in love on the spot, even though at that time I spoke just two words of Italian.  I then started the greatest love affair of my life. My children were already grown, so I re-organised my life and after a year I decided to move in with this man, lived on his yacht sailing the Mediterranean and in every European country bordering the ocean. We were together for many years until he died of cancer and left me bereft. Running off with a foreigner whose life was in contrast to everything I’d ever known seemed such a huge risk at the time, but I never regretted it for one moment. Apart from the exhilarating experience of travel and sailing, it certainly taught me what romance was all about. 

How long have you been writing, and how did you decide this was a career you wanted to pursue?

I wrote my first fairy story when I was eight. I wish I still had it to laugh at, but I do remember the fairies lived in holes in the skirting boards, and made friends with the mice. I always knew I’d be a writer, even from an earlier age, but as a very young mother and then on my highly romantic years in Europe, both through necessity and design, I wrote virtually nothing. It was after my Italian companion died that I moved to Australia, hoping to start a new life, and began writing full time. Since I write mostly historical fiction it may seem odd to look out of my window at wallabies and cockatoos while writing of medieval castles and cobbled alleys, but it works for me. Anything that releases my wildly over-active imagination is something I can appreciate.

What do you write? You’re welcome to include your latest title (shameless plug).

FW Cover copyI write both fantasy (with a historical basis) and historical fiction set in the late medieval. The book I released on June 2nd, is a combination of both. Fair Weather is a time-slip novel, set in both modern times and the reign of bad King John, linked with a paranormal-twist. I glory in the real history, but the introduction of the fantasy element has been such a joy for me. Fair Weather explores the life and times of the early 13th century, while also delving into alchemy and the ancient cult of Lilith. But of course, it all leads through dark and troubled paths into danger, battle, magic and finally blinding romance. This book is one of my own great favourites, and the troubled character of Vespasian Fairweather is certainly one of the most interesting I have ever created. He lives with me still – tells me off when I am tempted to be self-indulgent – sings me to sleep – and comes striding through the gloom to brighten my days.

Tell us something of the genre in which you choose to write. If you write in more than one genre is your approach different for each genre, in the manner you write, plot the book, or brainstorm ideas?

I write both historical fiction, and fantasy. Sometimes I have combined the two in one novel. These two genres may appear very different, but in actual fact they have one huge thing in common – they both transport the author and the reader into a whole new world. The world of the past has always called to me, and I have researched many eras and historical figures. There must be the discipline of accuracy and creating an original plot and characters within an actual existing set of evidence. Fantasy, of course, offers far greater liberty since the author is free to create entirely from their own imagination. But wait – within the documented facts of the past it is still necessary to invent and expand the imagination – whilst with fantasy it is exceedingly important to bring the discipline of creating something believable – presenting a world which seems as real as the actual past. So I do not approach either genre with vastly differing attitudes. Both transport me into wonderland – and that is precisely what I hope to do to my readers – take them with me into the glory of a life entirely different to the everyday existence we face ourselves, with all its problems and restrictions. Both reading and writing are parachutes into escapism.

Are you more of a plotter or a painter, or does it change from book to book?

Now that’s an interesting question. Perhaps I am more of a painter. I love to colour my books with rich and believable tones, bringing the world to life through all the senses. I want to bring my reader with me into the great fascination of the past, and experience exactly what would have happened. However, I also do think the plot of any book is of the greatest importance. I interweave plots, bringing many threads to combine and twist into mystery, adventure, romance and pleasure. My books are rarely very short, because I paint and IU plot – and both need to be given full rein. Thirdly I admire great characterisation and I really insist on bringing my characters full tilt into the story. No plot and no atmosphere is complete unless the characters who walk that world are interesting enough to carry the reader with them. So I think every book should be character-driven, with a great principal plot, several unusual sub-plots, and a whole world brought vividly to life around them all.

How do you choose your characters’ names?

Actually, they usually name themselves. They first take shape in my head, where they live cheerfully and wander around for some weeks before I begin to delve into the plot. My new principal character, for instance, Vespasian Fairweather, named himself before I was even quite sure who he was. He marched into my imagination fully formed and shouted at me until I listened. My heroine, Tilda, crept in more quietly, being young and very shy. But she already had a name, and whispered told me what it was.

What do you find is the hardest part of writing?

Finishing! Definitely it is the big empty hole I experience after completing a book which I find really hard to cope with. I take between six and nine months to write my books (and I also believe in a good deal of re-writing and polishing afterwards) so each book is a large part of my life. My characters become my friends, I care very much what they think and feel, and I never want to let them go. I never suffer from writer’s block, and even major distractions are rare unless they involve something serious with health or the family. Writing really is an enormous emotional commitment and I love it. I create worlds and I then live in that world for many months. I think a lot of writers feel this way. Perhaps we are all a little mad.

What do you see as the challenges and successes of being traditionally published? Being self-published?

Sorting this out has been a major part of my life over the past four years. I was accepted enthusiastically and traditionally published by one of the largest publishing houses in the world, Simon & Schuster. They treated me well, my books sold well, and I intended to stay with them for life. But the constant problems began to spoil the pleasure I gained from the experience, and although I won’t go into them, it became obvious that I was missing my own freedom and the pleasure of controlling my own output. It took a lot of thought, but I decided to regain my own creative life and self-publish instead. I have certainly lost some things – but I believe I have gained more. I prefer to write in different genres and not be confined, I prefer to make my own choices and my own direction. I do not say this is right for everyone, and the self-determined path can certainly bring financial restrictions. I depends what is most important to the individual. But now I have the fun of my own cover designs, my own world-wide stage, and the enormous pleasure of being my own boss. Traditional publishers cannot indulge new authors with large publicity budgets and they must concentrate on commercial aspects above all else. I do not criticize. But I have made my own choice and I do not regret it. There remains a stigma against self-published authors in some areas, and it is certainly true that not every self-published author produced a great work of art each time. But the stigma is unjust, and readers will find their own pleasure, whether the book they decide to buy is a work of art or not. That is the joy of freedom.

Meet Barbara Gaskell Denvil 

Born in England, I grew up amongst artists and authors and started writing at a young age. I published numerous short stories and articles, and worked as an editor, book critic and reader for publishers and television companies. I broke off my literary career to spend many hot and colourful years sailing the Mediterranean and living in various different countries throughout the region.

When my partner died I needed a place of solace and came to live in rural Australia where I still live amongst the parrots and wallabies, writing constantly, for my solace has now become my passion.

With a delight in medieval history dating back to my youth, I now principally set my fiction in medieval England. I also write fantasy, tending towards the dark. Within these two genres, I now write full time.

Website            Facebook      Twitter 

Amazon Author Page 

Recent Books from Barbara Gaskell Denvil

518YSEtR52L._SX331_BO1,204,203,200_ The Flame Eater: Murder, Mystery and Suspense in the 15th Century (February 2016) Nicholas, now heir to the earldom, has no desire to marry his dead brother’s cast-off mistress. And Emeline has no desire to marry the brutal monster who murdered his brother, the man she loved and hoped to marry.

This arranged marriage is a disaster, it would seem that it can’t get any worse. But it does. Fire rages through the castle and takes over the wedding night, and any hopes of reconciliation. But not everything is as it seems. Murder and arson are destroying more than just one alliance, and the culprit is unknown. But there are other matters to consider. It is 1484 and Richard III is England’s monarch. The king entrusts many of his lords with responsibilities in the service of their country, and Nicholas is charged with the undercover investigation into two desperately important situations, which involves travel to the south of England. Emeline joins with her younger sister and others of the household, determined to discover who is responsible for the disasters which have now entirely disrupted their lives. But the suspects are so many. It is therefore a group of eager but desperate women of various ages, characters and capabilities who attempt to solve the mystery. Meanwhile, Nicholas learns that he has a wife to admire and to adore. But is he a murderer? Is her mother? Her nurse? And will England’s political turmoil threaten their peace and cause even greater uncertainty? Life will never be the same. But perhaps that is just as well.

51z8MDogLsL._SX311_BO1,204,203,200_The White Horizon (November 2015) Skarga has grown up on the outskirts of the frozen north, with her five brothers and father, all of whom believe she is cursed, bringing poor harvests and bad luck into their lives. She is unwanted except for the small abandoned boy, Egil, she has rescued from the snow.

But now they are in great danger. Hearing that her father is arranging their murder, they escape the township into the harsh and bitter cold. The trap is sprung and the escape fails, but her captor is not who she expected.
The mystery deepens as it seems the boy is the one Thodden has been searching for, and not her at all. So Egil holds the clues to the secrets and magic.

Skarga will do everything she can to protect him, but there is more than one life at stake and neither knows or understands the change that is about to occur.

Also check out these titles: 

Between

Blessop’s Wife (published in Australia as The King’s Shadow)

Satin Cinnabar 

Sumerford’s Autumn: Tudor Historical Suspense

The Wind from the North: An Epic Fantasy

 

41gaf5UAOZL._SX331_BO1,204,203,200_Fair Weather

“Fair Weather will have you turning pages as you travel through time with characters who will tear at your heart.” My Book Addiction review Molly just wants to sleep at night, but the dreams won’t leave her alone. The light goes out, while distant echoes of thunder diminish into the night. Molly has dreamed of it before, but this time her eyes are open and she’s wide awake. The man is bending over her but she can only see his shadow. Then everything changes. It is a world of buzzing chatter, markets, the calls of birds, bright sunshine and the cobbled alleys of old London. But when Molly turns and blinks, everything dissolves into shadows once more. And she hears the siren of police cars, and they are coming closer. An identical murder in the distant past of her dreams joins the two worlds in equal danger. Molly travels time but is followed by some horror which kills and mutilates at will. And the man, his voice the rustle of dead leaves, is always there. Yet Molly discovers far more than fear and misery. She discovers a whole new life, and a love she could never have imagined. she no longer wants to return – but she must.

Free Read on Kindle Unlimited

Amazon Kindle     Amazon   Amazon UK 

 

Posted in Anglo-Normans, book release, books, British history, castles, Guest Blog, Guest Post, historical fiction, history, interview, legacy, legends, mystery, reading habits, suspense, witchcraft acts | Tagged , , , , , , | 2 Comments

Happy June Birthdays to Some of Our Favorite Austen-Inspired Actors

Are any of the actors listed below among your favorites? I can claim a few. 

804f3121c63126d949b1d0e218b3947fJune 2Dominic Cooper, who portrayed Mr. Willoughby in 2008’s Sense and Sensibility

 

images-3June 2Liam Cunningham, who portrayed General Tilney in 2007’s Northanger Abbey 

 

james-purefoyJune 3James Purefoy, who was Tom Bertram in 1999’s Mansfield Park 

 

images-4June 3Celia Bannerman, who portrayed Elizabeth Bennet in 1967’s Pride and Prejudice 

 

Jimages-5une 4James Callis, who portrayed Colonel Andrews in Austenland, as well as Tom in Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason

 

Sonam_Kapoor_at_the_Trailer_Launch_of_'Dolly_ki_Doli'June 9Sonam Kapoor, who portrayed Alisha Kapoor in Bride and Prejudice 

 

eea4a06b311f8f241636a103de8e2b00June 12Frances O’Connor, who portrayed Fanny Price in 1999’s Mansfield Park

 

s__53071._blake_ritsonJune 14Blake Ritson, who portrayed Edmund Bertram in 2007’s Mansfield Park, as well as Mr. Elton in 2009’s Emma

 

MTE5NDg0MDU1MzUzNTI1Nzc1June 19Samuel West, who was Mr. Elliot in 1995’s Persuasion

 

story_half_widthJune 21David Morrissey, who portrayed Colonel Brandon in 2008’s Sense and Sensibility 

 

fa29d6dc591652b8ec39dfd169672fa3June 24Daniel Vincent Gordh, who portrayed Mr. Darcy in the Lizzie Bennet Diaries 

 

images-6June 26Clive Francis, who was John Willoughby in 1971’s Sense and Sensibility

 

450682_1.1June 28Alic Krige, who was Lady Russell in 2007’s Persuasion

 

MV5BMTc5ODIxNzAzOF5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTcwMzE4NDMyNQ@@._V1_UY317_CR4,0,214,317_AL_June 28Alessandro Nivola, who was Henry Crawford in 1999’s Mansfield Park

 

MV5BMTM5OTMwMTU3OF5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTcwNTM1OTQwNw@@._V1_UX214_CR0,0,214,317_AL_June 29Bret McKenzie, who was Martin in Austenland

 

 

 

 

 

Posted in Austen actors, birthdays, film, film adaptations, Jane Austen, Uncategorized | Tagged , , , , | 1 Comment

The Beginnings of Betty Crocker, America’s First Lady of Food

tumblr_mnketr7qwd1s3zerco1_500The Washburn Crosby Company (later renamed General Mills) entered their finest flours into the 1880’s First Millers International Exhibition in Cincinnati, Ohio. Fortunately, their flours took the gold, silver and bronze medals. Soon after, Washburn Crosby Company changed its name to Gold Medal Flour.generalmills

According to the Washburn Crosby Cooking, “Cadwallader C. Washburn founded the Minneapolis Mill Company in 1856, thinking to lease power rights along the Mississippi River to millers. He bought the land owned by a failed Minneapolis mill in 1866, spending $100,000 to construct a new, modern mill on the site. Although people called the mill “Washburn’s folly” and believed that no mill so large should have been constructed so far west, Washburn believed that there would be demand for midwestern wheat. By 1874, he had the capital to construct yet another, larger mill — the Washburn ‘A ‘Mill. Following the usual practice of labeling mills according to size, the 1866 mill was relabeled the ‘B’ Mill. In ten years’ time, Washburn’s flour was winning awards at the Centennial Exposition.

columb93

1893-Washburn, Crosby Co. Flour Mills, 34 pages This booklet was a descriptive handout from the Washburn Crosby exhibit at the Columbian World’s Fair. It contains two recipes for baking bread. The back cover has a realistic portrait of a cat. http://www.friktech.com/crock/ crock.htm

“In September, 1877, he partnered with his brother and John Crosby, forming the Washburn-Crosby Company, but tragedy struck almost immediately. An explosion leveled the ‘A; Mill and five other buildings on May 2, 1878, temporarily crippling production. Bringing in safer new equipment, the mill was rebuilt, including this time the steel rollers that made their mill the world’s first automated mill. The ‘A’ Mill reached a capacity of 5,500 barrels of flour per day — foremost among mills until the advent of Pillsbury’s own ‘A’ Mill in 1881.

“At that same world’s fair, a German company had exhibited a new 1200 horsepower engine. Washburn’s milling company purchased the engine, installing it in the ‘A’ mill in Summer of 1894.

“It was also during this period that the decision was made to phase out the various trade names being used by Washburn-Crosby flour, including ‘Superlative,’ ‘Parisian,’ ‘Extra,’ and ‘Triple Extra.’ After the Columbian Expo, at which the ‘Gold Medal’ name was emphasized, the company began eliminating the other names gradually. Although ‘Superlative’ had been the more popular name, by 1894 more than half of the flour produced by Washburn-Crosby went out under the ‘Gold Medal’ name. By 1900, that amount had increased to 70%.” General Mills itself was created in June 1928 when Washburn-Crosby President James Ford Bell directed his company to merge with 26 other mills. In 1928, General Mills acquired the Wichita Mill and Elevator Company of the industrialist Frank Kell of Wichita Falls, Texas.  With the sale, Kell acquired cash plus stock in the corporation. (Williams, J. W., “Frank Kell,” tshaonline.org)

baking42

1942: All Purpose Baking, 100 pages. Gold cover; 25c price. http://www.friktech. com/crock/crock.htm

To publicize Gold Medal Flour, after it became a General Mills product, the company decided to run a national campaign in the form of a picture puzzle. The idea was that when the consumer of the national magazine got the picture puzzle that he/she would put it together, a grand marketing scheme that nearly backfired on General Mills. The puzzle formed an interesting image of a picturesque village where people visiting a mercantile carried sacks of Gold Medal flour to their trucks to take home. The company decided that the prize for those submitting the puzzle would be a pin cushion in the form of a miniature Gold Medal flour sack. 

Unpredictably, more than 30,000 people solved the picture puzzle and returned it to the General Mills offices. The company had to hire extra help to process the onslaught of mail. As equally unpredictable was the number of questions submitted by those mailing in the finished puzzles: How does one make a one-crust pie? How long should I knead my bread dough? Etc. 

The company decided that could not simply ignore the questions for that would be bad marketing techniques. Instead, they took the unorthodox approach: they answered each letter with a personal reply. They sought out information from the wives of the office personnel and the warehouse personnel. They gathered recipes from home economists. And to make the replies appear more personal, the advertising department concocted a “woman,” whom they named Betty Crocker. The Crocker came from a popular secretary-director of the company who had recently retired. The name Betty was chosen for it had a commonality the advertisers wished to convey. 

Eventually, trained correspondents were hired as “Betty Crocker.” They answer some 5000+ letters per month. Twenty-three trained home economists operate the Betty Crocker kitchens, where they test products and recipes. Although now real, Betty Crocker is America’s First Lady of Food. 

 

Posted in American History, commerce, Uncategorized | Tagged , , , , , | 2 Comments

Overview: Life and Literature in the Era of the Reformation

In Academics, the Reformation saw a revival of the study of Greek and Latin writings, as well as a love of beauty. “Humanism” became the newborn ideal, one that advocated individualism, an ideal which gave a tremendous impetus to literature and the arts. “The word “humanism” has a number of meanings. 

Literary Humanism is a devotion to the humanities or literary culture.

Renaissance Humanism is the spirit of learning that developed at the end of the middle ages with the revival of classical letters and a renewed confidence in the ability of human beings to determine for themselves truth and falsehood.

Western Cultural Humanism is a good name for the rational and empirical tradition that originated largely in ancient Greece and Rome, evolved throughout European history, and now constitutes a basic part of the Western approach to science, political theory, ethics, and law.

Philosophical Humanism is any outlook or way of life centered on human need and interest.

Christian Humanism is “a philosophy advocating the self-fulfillment of man within the framework of Christian principles.” This more human-oriented faith is largely a product of the Renaissance and is a part of what made up Renaissance humanism.”(What is Humanism?)

220px-Thomas_Linacre_2During the Reformation, in Europe this new learning gave birth to Martin Luther, and to Copernicus, who upset all accepted notions of the universe. University saw the likes of “Thomas Linacre (c. 1460 – 20 October 1524) was a humanist scholar and physician, after whom Linacre College, Oxford and Linacre House The King’s School, Canterbury, are named. Among his pupils was one—Erasmus—whose name alone would suffice to preserve the memory of his instructor in Greek, and others of note in letters and politics, such as Sir Thomas More, Prince Arthur and Queen Mary I of England, John Colet, William Grocyn, William Lilye and other eminent scholars were his intimate friends, and he was esteemed by a still wider circle of literary correspondents in all parts of Europe.” (Thomas Linacre) England began to experience the effects of European discoveries. These men denounced the worldliness of the Church and opposed absolutism. 

Henry VIII, nevertheless, remained an absolute monarch. Based upon his whims, he weakened both church and nobles and controlled Parliament, which he only called into session when he wished his policies to appear to possess an appearance of popularity or when he wished Parliament to be the scapegoat for his unpopular measures. Henry maintained his own popularity with his people by not overtaxing them. History indicates that Henry VIII often extorted or borrowed the necessary funds. Later, he debased the coinage system and raised prices, the result of which was the poor losing their employment because of gild restrictions on labor and the enclosure of lands. To counter this, King Henry threw a sop to the public with measures of relief. The land swarmed with beggars, but Henry set the sturdy ones to work and had the remainder seek out a begging license. Each parish established a poor fun.

220px-Roger_Ascham_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_12788Meanwhile schools were springing up throughout the country, so that a work like Ascham’s Schoolmaster could be popular, and a scholar like Erasmus, who came from Holland, could feel that he was at home in England. (Roger Ascham (c. 1515 – 30 December 1568) was an English scholar and didactic writer, famous for his prose style, his promotion of the vernacular, and his theories of education. He acted as Princess Elizabeth’s tutor in Greek and Latin between 1548 and 1550, and served in the administrations of Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I.)

The literature of the Reformation was more scholarly (the classics took prominence) than original in its productions. The time is one of transition from an old day to the great Elizabethan. Contemporary European literature, especially those from Italy, also found a following. King Henry’s break with Rome and the social disruption that ensued gave rise to the popularity of “controversial” literature.

“Henry VIII separated the “Church of England from the Roman Catholic church, but he had not reformed the church’s practices or doctrines. On Henry’s death, his young son Edward became King. Many of Edward’s advisors tried to move the English church in the direction of a more Bible-based Christianity. Two such men were Nicholas Ridley and Hugh Latimer.

“The scholar Nicholas Ridley had been a chaplain to King Henry VIII and was Bishop of London under his son Edward. He was a preacher beloved of his congregation whose very life portrayed the truths of the Christian doctrines he taught. In his own household he had daily Bible readings and encouraged Scripture memory among his people.

31016“Hugh Latimer also became an influential preacher under King Edward’s reign. He was an earnest student of the Bible, and as Bishop of Worcester he encouraged the Scriptures be known in English by the people. His sermons emphasized that men should serve the Lord with a true heart and inward affection, not just with outward show. Latimer’s personal life also re-enforced his preaching. He was renowned for his works, especially his visitations to the prisons.” (Bishops Ridley and Latimer Burned)

Bishop Latimer preached sermons with vigor, while Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer was religious excellence. The works of Ascham and More was distinctly literary. Thomas More’s Utopia, an indirect attack on social abuses and a picture of an idealistically harmonious universe, was one of the early English Utopian writings. “Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, are generally considered the inaugurators of the golden age of English poetry in the reign of Elizabeth I. Both men were educated in the humanistic tradition, and they early became familiar with the polished lyric poetry of the Italians and the French. They attempted to demonstrate in their own works that English, too, was a language flexible and elegant enough for court poetry. Skillful experimenters with metrics, they imitated a number of the verse forms popular on the Continent, including the sonnet, ottava rima, terza rima, and the rondeau. Many of the lyrics of both poets are based upon the Petrarchan conventions of the cruel, scornful lady and her forlorn, rejected lover; a number of the sonnets are, in fact, either translations or close adaptations of Petrarch’s works.” (The Poetry of Wyatt and Surrey) Surrey, in his translation of the Aeneid used blank verse for the first time in English. 

The Italian Renascence, the influence of Humanism, new geographical discoveries and explorations, and England’s triumph over Spain all stimulated the national consciousness. Adaptations and translations were numerous. In addition to Surrey’s translation of the Aeneid, William Painter collected a number of Greek, French, Italian, and Latin stories in 1566. He called his work the Palace of Pleasure. Thomas North translated Plutarch’s Lives in 1579. 

This admiration for the works from other countries did not mean there was no remarkable English literature of the time. “In his Garlande of Laurell [John] Skelton, who once served as Henry VIII’s tutor, gives a long list of his works, only a few of which are extant. The garland in question was worked for him in silks, gold and pearls by the ladies of the Countess of Surrey at Sheriff Hutton Castle,  where he was the guest of the Duke of Norfolk. The composition includes complimentary verses to the various ladies concerned, and a good deal of information about himself. But it is as a satirist that Skelton merits attention. The Bowge of Court is directed against the vices and dangers of court life. He had already in his Boke of the Thre Foles drawn on Alexander Barclay’s version of the  Narrenschiff of Sebastian Brant, and this more elaborate and imaginative poem belongs to the same class.” (John Skelton)

Skelton began writing in the previous century, but the new era saw much of his work completed. Literature became an expression of the middle class as the cities saw a growing population. Coke Lorell’s Bote, a burlesque of middle-class characters and tradesmen, displays evidence of the growing interest in the middle class. Mock testaments, such as that of Andrew Kennedy (1508), emphasized character development, a major improvement in the literary form. “Jest” books became popular among the populace. The Jests of Skoggan (1565) was one of the most widely read of this genre. Other “jest” books included Mery Tales (1526), Mery Tales and Quick Answers (1535), and Mery Tales of Master Skelton

1557 saw one of the first English collections of miscellaneous verse: Tottel’s Miscellany. It contained poems by Wyatt and Surrey. Minor poets of the time, including Nicholas Grimald, Edward Somerset, Thomas Vaux, and John Heywood also had poems within the collection. Other popular poets of the period include Thomas Churchyard (Churchyard’s Choice, Churchyard’s Chippes, and The Mirror of Men); Thomas Tusser (who wrote maxims on the virtuous life of thrift); Barnaby Googe (who wrote pastoral eclogues); George Turberville (who produced songs and sonnets); and Thomas Howell (who wrote of love). In 1568, Howell’s Arbor of Amitie appeared, but his Devises did not arrive until 1581. George Gascoigne’s greatest poem, the Stele Glas, a blank verse moral satire, appeared in 1576. Edward Haicke wrote View Out of Paul’s Churchyard in 1567. 

 

 

 

 

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