Happy 4th Book Birthday to “Letters from Home”!!!

I particularly loved this story for I am a military brat and wife, and I adore a strong military hero. Major Lord Simon Lanford is just such a man. He is the “spare” in the Regency adage of “an heir and a spare.” His father, Lord Geoffrey Lanford had shown love to but two people: his first wife, Lady Alice Lanford, and his heir, Lord Richard Lanford. Neither Simon nor his mother, Lady Victoria Lanford, had known the earl’s favor. Now, Simon has returned to Clarence Hall to claim the earldom after the deaths of both his father and his half-brother, Richard. Even so, he sees himself as the expendable one. 

To complicate matters, his father’s sister, Josephine, a widow who has served as chatelain of the estate from the time of the death of Simon’s mother, has taken up residence and means to control his life as she had done for both his father and brother. Even so, she breaks with tradition of a full year of mourning and schedules a Christmas house party to introduce Simon to ladies she thinks suitable to be his bride. In other words, young women who would continue to be “tutored” by her, so “Aunt Josephine” remains in charge of the house. 

Enter Mrs. Faith Lamont, a widow serving as a companion to her cousin, Miss Claire DeLong. Claire’s father is not what one would consider good “ton,” and the girl is a bit brash. In Simon’s opinion, Claire is too young to understand the issues of a man who spent a “lifetime” in war and who still sports its injuries. However, Faith Lamont is someone with whom Simon knows an instant connection. What he does not realize is he knows the woman, perhaps more intimately than he first assumes. On the Continent during the War, Faith’s late husband would often read her letters to those assembled in the camps. Simon, who rarely received even the least correspondence from anyone in England, thrived on Lieutenant Lamont’s letters. Simon built dreams of “home” and of knowing someone who would love him in the manner Mrs. Lamont loved the lieutenant. He idolizes all for which the woman stands, but can he leave those dreams behind and accept the lady with all her faults? 

MDP eBook Cover

Letters from Home 

She is the woman whose letters to another man kept Simon alive during the war. He is the English officer her late Scottish husband praised as being incomparable. Even without the assistance of the spirit of Christmas attempting to bring them together, she stirs his soul; in her, his heart whispers of being “home.” In him, she discovers a man who truly stirs her soul

However, the lady wishes to remain invisible and in her place as her cousin’s companion. Can Major Lord Simon Lanford claim Mrs. Faith Lamont as his wife or will his rise to the earldom and his family’s expectations keep them apart?

“This was both a heart-breaking and heart-warming second chance love story, made all the more satisfying by the Christmas setting.”

Read Reviews:
 Meditative Meanderings

Second Place in Short Historical Category

2019 International Digital Awards 

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Excerpt from Chapter One

Friday, 22 December 1815

Major Simon Lanford shifted his weight to his good leg as he again scanned his Aunt Josephine’s drawing room—his drawing room now. His drawing room. His study. His library. His servants. His master chambers. His home. Had Clarence Hall ever truly been his home? Since he entered school, other than holidays, Simon had spent but a few dozen days at the Hall. And as quickly as he finished his tenure at Cambridge, his father had purchased him a commission, as was customary for second sons, and sent him off to the Continent to fight Napoleon.

Even when provided the opportunity to return to Clarence Hall, Simon had remained on the Continent, assisting Wellington or one of the others in charge. Just like his mother, Simon had been the expendable one. The spare. In his father’s lifetime, Lord Geoffrey Lanford had shown love to but two people while the man occupied this earth: his first wife, Lady Alice Lanford, and his heir, Lord Richard Lanford. Neither Simon nor his mother, Lady Victoria Lanford, had known the previous earl’s favor.

As he looked about the room, Simon knew his father would despise the fact Simon was the new earl, for it had been Simon’s half-brother, Richard, who had been the anointed one, the one instructed in the ways of managing a large estate and the peerage, but Richard had, literally, choked to death on his own spew, too drunk to realize he needed to sit up in bed or die. Although Simon had never prayed for Richard’s demise, he had not grieved for the loss of his half-brother, a man he barely knew, but one he despised for all the right reasons.

“Home,” he whispered, as he steadied his stance and attempted to feel as if he deserved to be the new earl standing before the gentlemen and ladies with whom his aunt conversed. Simon had no doubt every eye in the room was upon him. After all, he was the 11th Earl of Clarendon, and many of the ladies in the room had set their caps for him, or so he had been told by Riggs, his valet, a man he admired for his stealth on the battlefield and for his cunning means of learning the latest gossip below stairs. 

Dear God, I despise this! he grumbled silently. The women his aunt had invited to spend Christmastide at the Hall were more to Richard’s taste than his. Only once had he and Richard agreed on the comeliness of a woman. Lady Gwendolyn Bastian had been Simon’s first and only love, but Richard could not resist the idea of stealing her away. And so his half-brother executed a seduction of the lady; however, Richard’s intentions, as was typical of his character, had not proven as true as were Simon’s, but that particular fact meant nothing to the lady. She wished to be the Countess of Clarendon, rather than The Honorable Mrs. Lanford. The last Simon heard of her, shamed by her loose morals, the Bastians had sent Lady Gwendolyn away to live with a distant relative in Ireland, while Simon had been sent to a certain death on the European Continent. But he had fooled them all. He had out lived his father and his brother and said “good riddance” to a woman so ambitious she would bargain her virginity to gain a title. No more. When he married, Simon would choose a woman of merit and a loving nature, title or not.

“We are pleased to have Clarendon finally return to us,” his paternal aunt, Lady Josephine, Dowager Viscountess of Plankston, said loud enough to draw Simon’s attention. She wished him to join her, so she might introduce him to yet another young lady. “Young” was the operative word, for he did not think any prospects gathered before him were older than nineteen. Simon was not but seven and twenty; unfortunately, what he had seen of the world made him feel ancient in comparison to so many fresh-scrubbed faces seeking his attention.

As he carefully picked his way across the room, he wondered, How many women in this room would recoil at the sight of my mangled leg? The answer was easy: All. Their sensibilities were too tender.

“You were saying, Aunt?” He bowed stiffly to the group seated before the fire.

His Aunt Josephine smiled courteously. “I was just telling Lady Mareau and her daughter Lady Sophia that it was a shame you did not arrive in England during the summer, so you could have partaken in all the festivities honoring those supporting Wellington and his great victory.”

More gore than glory, he thought, but he said, “I am simply thankful to be standing on English soil at last, Aunt.” He had learned of Richard’s death some three and a half months before Simon fell at the Battle of Quatre Bras, but before he could make arrangements to return to Yorkshire, Napoleon escaped Elba, and the planned victory celebration transformed into another military front. He supposed, in hindsight, he should have insisted upon returning to England, but as Richard had already passed, Simon could offer no succor to those who remained at Clarence Hall. He had always been the interloper here. The Hall offered him nothing but ill memories. Moreover, Simon was never one to leave an occupation undone.

“Your aunt speaks of your glorious connection to Wellington,” Lady Sophia said in what sounded of awe. “We certainly enjoyed the celebrations.” She glanced to her mother for approval of what she said. “It was quite reverential, viewing, of course, from a distance, both His Grace, the Duke of Wellington, and Prince George while in attendance. And the fireworks were quite spectacular, as was the burning of the Castle of Discord. However, the heat was quite unbearable, making all quite uncomfortable. And the streets were full of food vendors and filth. The odors were quite pungent. The air filled with smoke from the staged battles, and I found the sound of the parades quite thunderous.”

“Quite so,” Simon commented in reluctant amusement. The girl’s use of “quite” so often in her speech would surely drive him “quite” insane within a few days if he were foolish enough to claim her. Moreover, she contradicted herself. How could one enjoy something that was so unappealing?

The girl, rather say, any lady he might encounter in an English drawing room, would know nothing of one’s senses being bombarded by the worst of humanity: Dining on stirabout, a watery concoction of oatmeal. The sudden roll of drums along the whole of the enemy’s line. The burst of music from the bands of a hundred battalions. Great columns of infantry advancing over the brow of the hill and marching straight at a man. Two hundred guns firing at the same time. Shot and shell ploughing up the earth at one’s feet. The bagpipes of the Highland brigades. Mist and smoke filling the valley. The tremendous cannonade from two hundred and fifty French guns, firing in close succession. The noise fearful. Loud reports renting the air. A rolling cheer of victory and an equally loud gasp of defeat.

Yet, there was no one in this room who would willingly listen to his stories of undertakings being nothing more than futile feats of bravery. Therefore, he admitted with more calm than he felt, “Despite my exceedingly long stay in a Belgian hospital, I am glad to have missed the celebrations. My memories are too fresh to enjoy such a display.”

“No maudlin,” his aunt warned quietly. “It is nearly Christmastide, a time for hope and for faith’s renewal.”

Simon would soon need to do something about his aunt’s hold on the household. Perhaps both his father and his brother had accepted her tight-fisted maneuvering, but he did not. His Aunt Josephine had come to stay at Clarence Hall after Simon’s mother passed, and it had become evident to everyone that his father did not mean to marry for a third time. She remained to serve Richard in the same capacity, but Simon had never cared for the idea of another woman commanding the household that was once his mother’s domain. Even if he did not claim a bride soon, he would insist on his aunt returning to Derbyshire and her role as the Dowager Viscountess of Plankston, rather than serving as the chatelaine of his manor. Moreover, she had never once expressed an affection for him. Even now, she appeared to tolerate Simon’s presence at the Hall only for the sake of the earldom.

“I meant no offense, your ladyship,” he said dutifully.

Lady Mareau hinted tactfully, “I suppose your injury will keep you from the dance floor at the assembly on the eve of the New Year. I know Sophia had hoped for you to escort her to the floor for the first dance at the assembly.”

Simon glance to the girl, who could not be more than eighteen. He had a decade on the chit. How could his aunt think him so shallow? “I fear my dancing days are long removed, my lady, but I am certain Lady Plankston has invited a number of gentlemen to our Christmastide gathering who will gladly assist you in dancing the evening away.” He nodded his head in respect. “Now if you will pardon me, I note Mr. Thomas has sought my attention. Likely more guests have arrived.” With a curt bow, he carefully negotiated his way across the room, trying not to favor his ailing leg, but failing miserably.

What do I care, he told himself for the hundredth time, if the women gathered about the room look upon me with pity? In truth, the household was just coming out of full mourning for his brother. They should not be hosting a house party, but the invitations had been sent out before Simon had arrived, and there was little he could do without sending up an alarm in Society regarding his mental state. Therefore, beyond what was necessary as the host, he would have no use for the ladies his aunt thought worthy of becoming his countess. He had little doubt, thinking he would wish it, each prospective bride would tolerate his aunt’s presence at the Hall. Absolutely not. Simon had no desire to do the pretty and court any of them. Bloody hell! He was having difficulty even remembering their names, for none had made an impression on him. Some were blonde and some with dark tresses. Some with blue eyes and some with brown. But to Simon there was nothing unique about any. They were all patterns of the same well-bred woman.

As he entered the foyer, he noted Mr. Thomas was assisting another lady with her cloak. “How many bloody women does Aunt Josephine think I can entertain at one time?” he grumbled under his breath. This one would make eleven. Nearly one for each day of Twelfth Night. He did not possess Richard’s easy way with people. When he was still with the Army, Simon had made a conscious endeavor to praise his men’s efforts, but such was the extent of his “smooth” talk, and his speech used upon the battlefield would be termed far from smooth in an English drawing room.

“I must send someone to prepare your rooms, Miss DeLong,” Mr. Thomas explained to the girl as Simon approached.

“I pray they look out over the lawn or over the gardens. I despise a room without a view,” the woman declared with a majestic wave of her hand.

Before he could respond, another female, behind the demanding one, said politely, “All rooms with a window possess a view, Claire. One must simply discover the beauty presented in the world.”

Although Simon did not agree with the sentiment, for he had seen too much destruction over the past five years, he enjoyed the sound of the words: soft and melodic, the type to soothe a man’s soul. The idea had him stumbling in his wake, staying upright only with the aid of his trusted cane.

The one called Miss DeLong spun in his direction when Thomas murmured, “my lord,” and Simon worked to keep the frown from his features. The girl appeared to be another of the well-bred ornaments of Society, typical of all the women he had encountered since his return to England. She dipped a deep curtsey to display her assets. When she rose, she said, “My lord, I assume I am in the presence of Lord Clarendon.”

Perhaps the girl was not one of the pattern he had observed recently: Simon had not encountered so forward a woman previously, at least not one of the genteel sect. He considered himself liberal, especially when it came to the plight of women, but he had the feeling this one would prove beyond the pale. “I am, miss. But we should wait for a proper introduction before we converse. Perhaps one of your parents could perform the deed or, if not, permit me to send for my aunt.”

When no one stepped forward, Simon nodded to Thomas, who scurried away without a word. Secretly, he was thankful the soothing voice he heard earlier was not that of the girl’s mother or guardian, for the lady’s soft words had him thinking the right woman could ease his disappointment at his new situation.

Miss DeLong did not blush from her boldness, which he assumed was a purposeful ploy, nor did she wait for his aunt to appear. “My mother passed some six years removed, sir, and my father is too ill to attend country parties. He permits me to set my own social calendar.”

“I see.” Simon shot a glance over his shoulder in hopes of spying his aunt. “How liberating.” He was not one to stand on protocol. The military had taught him a man’s worth was more than his title or his education, but he would not wish to tie himself to such a girl by breaking with propriety too quickly. After a long awkward pause in which his aunt had yet to respond, Simon swallowed his trepidation. “I am Major Lord Simon Lanford, the Earl of Clarendon, lately of His Majesty’s service.” He executed a stiff bow, balancing his weight upon his cane.

The girl’s eyebrow rose as she looked upon him. He knew the exact instant she realized he required the cane for mobility, rather than it being a fashion accessory. Her features displayed her disappointment for a brief second before she recaptured her inviting expression. “I was not told you required a cane,” she said without much sympathy. “But I suppose such cannot be helped.”

“Claire, please,” the same soft voice as before pleaded, before he could offer his retort.

“Miss DeLong?” His aunt’s arrival surprised even him, for he had not heard her approach. “We were unaware you planned to join us for our festivities.”

“Certainly I planned to join you,” the girl said in petulant tones. “Was not an invitation sent to my father’s manor some months ago?”

Aunt Josephine shot Simon a look of alarm before saying, “Such was when poor Richard was alive. And I do not observe Lord DeLong in your company.”

“Father was too ill to travel,” the girl countered.

“I see.” His aunt took a deep steadying breath before making her decision, one he was certain would go against her better judgment. “Unfortunately, Lord Buchholtz’s party cancelled. Mr. Thomas, you will have someone see Miss DeLong and —”

“My cousin,” the girl supplied.

“At least DeLong did not permit you to travel alone,” his aunt hissed under her breath. Aunt Josephine’s tone spoke of her lack of respect for the girl, as well as the less-than-welcoming attitude she would practice with Miss DeLong. “Again, Thomas, you will see—”

The butler nodded his understanding and darted away before his aunt could finish. Simon suspected Mr. Thomas meant to speak to the housekeeper. Obviously, a young woman attending a party without a parent or guardian was a scandal waiting to occur. Mrs. Osborne would place the chit away from any of the gentlemen’s quarters.”

“While Mr. Thomas organizes the necessary rooms, perhaps you might conduct a proper introduction, Lady Plankston,” Simon suggested gently. “Although I will admit I have broken with propriety to make myself known to our guests.”

“Certainly, Clarendon.” Aunt Josephine’s shoulders stiffened. “My lord, this is Miss DeLong, daughter of Lord DeLong.” Nothing of may I give you the acquaintance. “Miss DeLong’s father holds a barony of the same name. The young lady was a particular friend of your late brother,” she said pointedly.

Ah, now the situation made sense. His brother had made promises to the girl, and Miss DeLong expected him to keep Richard’s pledges. If such were the case, the chit was in for a rude awakening. Now that he understood the situation, when he looked upon the young woman, Simon could imagine his brother taking a fancy to the girl. She possessed “the look” Richard preferred in his women: golden-haired, heart-shaped face, pouty mouth, svelte figure, blue eyes, and, likely, she was a plaguey nuisance.

“Miss DeLong, welcome to Clarence Hall. The party has gathered in the drawing room. Please feel free to join us after you’ve had time to freshen your things.” Realizing he ought also to welcome the girl’s companion, he glanced over Miss DeLong’s shoulder to discover the most enchanting creature looking at him with the appearance of steady intent. There was a sturdiness in her gaze.

Not a classical beauty, like her fair cousin, but delectable, just the same. Blondish-brown curls escaped the bonnet she wore. He imagined them to be soft and smooth and absolutely feminine. A small, straight nose covered with a sprinkle of freckles on golden cheeks, as if she had recently spent time in the sun. Not so thin as her cousin, but with a well-defined waist and ample breasts, against which a man might rest his weary head. Since arriving in England, everyone had reminded Simon of his duty to secure the earldom. He had ignored all reminders of his siring an heir until this very moment. “And your companion?” he murmured. “Would you please extend an introduction, Miss DeLong?”

The girl glanced to her cousin and back to him, and her brows drew together in obvious disapproval. Realizing he had betrayed his interest in the woman, Simon made himself smile on Miss DeLong. The girl’s features followed suit. At length, she said, “My lord, permit me to give you the acquaintance of my cousin, Mrs. Lamont.”

Missus. The word ricocheted through Simon’s body. The woman was married. Naturally, he thought. He knew of few men who would not rejoice at having a woman of Mrs. Lamont’s fine looks on his arm. He made himself say through his disappointment, “Welcome, Mrs. Lamont. I pray you do not find Clarence Hall wanting.”

“I am certain I shall not, my lord.”

With Thomas’s return, Simon said in dismissal, “Anticipating continuing our conversation later, I will release you into Mr. Thomas’s most capable hands.”

“This way, ladies.”

Even though he could not approach the most interesting woman attending his aunt’s house party, Simon watched as Mrs. Lamont gracefully climbed the stairs toward the guest quarters.

“Beware Miss DeLong,” his aunt whispered near his ear. “The chit means to claim a title. Richard led her to believe she might become his countess. Make certain you are not alone with her. And lock the doors to your quarters at night.”

“Perhaps if Napoleon had employed a female strategist,” Simon said with a sad chuckle, “he could have outwitted Wellington.”

“You make light,” his aunt reprimanded, “but do not underestimate a conniving woman. A female soldier would have taken note of the weather and realized cannons cannot move easily and quickly over wet ground,” she remarked. “Although Miss DeLong is young, she learned her arts from her mother, a former opera dancer who lured Lord DeLong in.”

“Then why was an invitation issued to Miss DeLong?” Simon inquired.

“That is a matter I must investigate. The girl was on the list of a previous party when Richard was still alive. It was when your brother first took her acquaintance and when he became quite enchanted by her independent spirit. Personally, I never cared for the family. People say the former Lady DeLong used some sort of aphrodisiac to trap the baron into marriage. Lady Smithson says her husband heard rumors at his club that DeLong has contracted—” His aunt broke off with a blush.

“I should say a woman of quality should know nothing of such matters, but I am not as antiquated as many of my fellow peers,” Simon said with a smile to ease her embarrassment.

“My dearest Plankston never treated me as a mere female,” she admitted.

“Then Lord Plankston was an oddity, but an oddity I wish to emulate in my own marriage. Thank you for the words of wisdom, Aunt. Now, we should return to our guests.”

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Happy 11th Book Birthday to A Touch of Cashémere, Book 3 of the REALM Series!

Previously, I brought you book 2 of this fabulous series. [If you wish more information on all the books in the series, visit my website rjefferscom.wordpress.com to read excerpts.] You will notice I brought out books two and three of the Realm series about the same time. Book one, A Touch of Scandal, was originally entitled The Scandal of Lady Eleanor and was published by Ulysses Press. Unfortunately, shortly after the release of “Lady Eleanor,” Ulysses made the business decision only to publish nonfiction going forward. My time with them was at an end, for, though I have written many “scholarly” styled pieces, I wanted to pursue a different format. Heck, I had retired from 40 years of teaching and wanted to pursue something a bit different. The problem was not being able to find another traditional publisher to take on the series. Therefore, I switched to self publishing the books. 

ATOCcrop

This is the original cover of “A Touch of Cashémere.” I did a rewrite of the tale in 2015, and recently replaced the cover with the one found below.

As with all the books in the Realm series, this book dovetails into the previous one, but there is less overlap than there was between books 1 and 2. In A Touch of Velvet, Velvet Aldridge is kidnapped, and her youngest sister, Cashémere, insists on being a part of Velvet’s rescue. Unfortunately, the man sent to fetch her, Marcus Wellston, finds her brazen demands a sign of her immaturity. His opinion of her should not matter to Cashémere, but it does. 

Permit me to set up how all this comes about. Velvet Aldridge is the eldest of her sisters. She and her younger twin sisters, Satiné and Cashémere, were farmed out to relatives when their parents were killed in what could only be termed as a “suspicious” carriage accident. Velvet was sent to live with the Duke of Thornhill’s family. Satiné remained with her maternal uncle, Lord Ashton, a man who pampered her, while Cashémere is left with her paternal uncle, the man who inherited her father’s title and a man who metes out rough punishments in the name of religion. The sisters are strangers, meeting once a year or less. They have been separated since they were small children. Cashé is further removed for she resides in Scotland, rather than England. 

However, Viscount Averette, her father’s brother and her guardian, did bring Cashémere to England when he learned of the Duke of Thornhill’s death. At the time, he was unaware of Brantley Fowler’s ascension to his father’s title when Averette arrives on the duke’s threshold. During their stay with Thornhill, Averette permits Cashé limited social interactions with Thornhill’s Realm friends, but she does strike up a connection with Aidan Kimbolt, Viscount Lexford. 

Now, here is the catch. Although I originally planned to match Cashémere with Lexford, as I wrote the series, I realized she would be a better match for Marcus Wellston, the acting Earl of Berwick. (His elder brother has Downs syndrome [not a term used in the Regency period, but the condition, nevertheless] and Marcus operates as the “Regent” of the title and his brother’s guardian.) Therefore, I set up this scene at the end of Book 2 where the twins decide to pretend to be each other. Wellston thinks he wants a docile wife, such as Satiné, and Lexford is attracted to Cashémere’s enthusiasm for life, for he has been surrounded by death for many years. Obviously, Wellston’s plans are thwarted by his natural attraction to Cashémere’s determination to survive. The story includes a scene where the girls are trapped in a glass cone by one of Shaheed Mir’s henchmen. Mir believes one of the Realm has stolen a fist-sized emerald, and he means to have it back, even if he must kill all the Realm’s family members to do so. That is merely one of the twists and turns of the story as it leads our hero and heroine together. 

ATOC Cover.jpgA Touch of Cashémere: Book 3 of the Realm Series

MARCUS WELLSTON never expected to “inherit” his father’s title. After all, he is the youngest of three sons. However, his oldest brother Trevor is judged incapable of meeting the title’s responsibilities, and his second brother Myles has lost his life in an freak accident; therefore, Marcus has returned to Tweed Hall and the earldom. Having departed Northumberland years prior to escape his guilt in his twin sister’s death, Marcus has spent the previous six years with the Realm, a covert governmental group, in atonement. Now, all he requires is a biddable wife with a pleasing personality. Neither of those phrases describes Cashémere Aldridge.

MISS CASHEMERE ALDRIDGE thought her opinions were absolutes and her world perfectly ordered, but when her eldest sister Velvet is kidnapped, Cashé becomes a part of the intrigue. She quickly discovers nothing she knew before is etched in stone. Leading her through these changes is a man who considers her a “spoiled brat.” A man who prefers her twin Satiné to Cashémere. A man whose approval she desperately requires: Marcus Wellston, the Earl of Berwick. Toss in an irate Baloch warlord, a missing emerald, a double kidnapping, a blackmail attempt, and an explosion in a glass cone, and the Realm has its hands full. The Regency era has never been hotter, nor more dangerous.

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Excerpt from Chapter One: 

“I hate being soaked to the bone,” he groused. The rain sheeted everything within sight, but Marcus rode on. The creek bed he followed into the Scottish backcountry had swelled from the downpour, but he had crossed it at its lowest point and was on safe ground. He had returned from Calcutta two months prior, having turned over the Sir Louis Levering affair to Viscount Lexford, and he had settled into the routine of running his estate and tending to Trevor, but Shepherd had sent word of Velvet Aldridge’s possible abduction, and he had departed immediately. Evidently, His Grace, the Duke of Thornhill, had allowed the woman he loved to retreat to Edinburgh with her estranged family. Now, their old enemy Shaheed Mir had targeted Miss Aldridge in a dangerous game of “Who Has the Emerald?” Mir had marked each of Marcus’s band of the Realm as co-conspirators in stealing a fist-sized emerald from the Baloch warlord. Mir’s agents had staged a myriad of attacking, each proving fruitless.

Shepherd’s message said the Realm’s leader would send others to support Marcus’s efforts, but Marcus knew he was pretty much on his own. That was why he had set a course across the back roads: He could save time, and he could avoid detection. He had stopped for a few hours overnight to allow his horse to rest, but he felt he could thwart Murhad Jamot’s plans just the same. Therefore, when he cut across the open field leading to Viscount Averette’s manor, Marcus had expected to explain his sudden appearance to the sometimes-difficult Samuel Aldridge, but nothing he discovered within had met his expectations.

* * *

“Aunt,” Cashémere Aldridge called as she entered the room. “Have we any news of Uncle Samuel?” The household staff rushed about in an attempt to respond to an unknown crisis, and with no one to assume responsibility, they crisscrossed the open foyer accomplishing very little. Alice Aldridge, Lady Averette, rocked her daughter Gwendolyn, neither having had much sleep over night. They waited for news of the family patriarch, who had chased his eldest niece across southern Scotland.

Viscount Averette had been aware of the affection with which Velvet Aldridge had held Brantley Fowler, the Duke of Thornhill, for Cashé’s eldest sister had often professed she had loved the duke from the time they were children together. The household, having observed Velvet’s despondency at having been separated from Thornhill, had assumed Velvet had done the unthinkable: She had risked her life on the road to return to England. Therefore, Viscount Averette had given pursuit. Cashé was aware of how her uncle suspected the duke had arranged some sort of tryst with Velvet. Upon being made aware of his niece’s disappearance, Averette had departed immediately to intercept the girl. He had been absent from the household since early yesterday afternoon, and, in truth, Cashé thought Samuel Aldridge should permit Velvet her way. Cashé’s elder sister held a schoolgirl fantasy in which the Duke of Thornhill played the role of noble knight. However, Cashé knew true love was a fallacy of the heart.

Lady Averette glanced up from her child to give Cashé a brief shake of her head, but she said for the child’s benefit, “We should not expect to hear from my husband for several days. He must follow each lead on your sister. I am certain the rain has slowed his progress, and that is the reason we have heard nothing of yet.”

A sharp knock at the door brought their immediate attention. “Possibly there is a message now,” Cashé remarked as she stepped into the foyer. She could not condone her sister’s actions, but Cashé recognized the depth of Velvet’s misery. She had seen Velvet pine for Thornhill, and how her older sister had discouraged the many suitors their uncle had paraded before her. Yet, Cashé gave her uncle’s actions merit: A woman’s virtue was her crowning glory, and a lady must protect it. She was furious because the duke had led Velvet astray, and then he had deserted her. In the three months Velvet had resided with them, her sister had not heard one word from Thornhill. He had ignored Velvet’s weekly letters, and now her sister might lose her reputation unless their uncle could prevent it.

Blane hustled to answer the door. Cashé looked on as the butler swung the door wide. Obviously, the servant had expected a messenger or even the viscount himself, but instead they all looked upon a stranger. “Yes, sir?”

An autocratic voice announced, “The Earl of Berwick to speak to Viscount Averette.”

Blane stammered, “His…his lordship is unavailable, sir.”

The voice pressed, “It is a matter of great urgency.”

Blane motioned the earl in from the rain. “I offer my apologies, sir,” the man began, but Cashé’s sensibilities had returned, and she interrupted.

She had known the stranger as “Lord Yardley” and had not put his title with the familiar countenance she encountered once he removed his hat. “Your lordship,” she rushed forward, “please come in, sir.” She wondered what had brought the earl to her family’s doorstep, very likely he had come at Thornhill’s request. Perhaps the rain had slowed his attempt to reach Velvet before her sister’s escape. Perhaps, it was he that her sister had planned to meet, and the earl was to escort Velvet to where Thornhill waited. With so many unknowns, Cashé meant to practice caution.

Berwick quickly dispensed with his hat and greatcoat before offering her a quick bow. “Miss Cashémere, might I speak to your uncle?”

“As Blane just explained, your lordship, my uncle is away at the moment. Please join my aunt and me in the drawing room, and perhaps we might be able to address the reason for this unexpected visit.” Cashé turned immediately on her heels, expecting him to follow her. She had not allowed him time to protest. It pleased her he had trailed along behind her. She had not seen Berwick since the day after Prinny’s party. Over a supper at Briar House, the Fowlers had celebrated Sir Louis Levering’s downfall. At the time, Cashé had not understood the perfidy the Fowlers had practiced on the baronet, until her Uncle Samuel had inadvertently explained the situation when he demanded the removal of Velvet from the duke’s household. In truth, Cashé had been sorry to leave so quickly; she had had no time to say her farewells to Viscount Lexford, who had shown her his attentions. It was quite heady for a young girl to have such a worthy gentleman’s approval. It made her wonder if she had made a mistake by accepting an “understanding” with Mr. Charters.

“Aunt,” Cashé called, obviously nervous, “the Earl of Berwick has come to pay his compliments.” She rushed forward to take Gwendolyn from the woman. “Permit Edana to put our dear Gwen to bed. The child could use a nap.” She lifted the child to her. “Excuse me, my lord. My young cousin experienced a rough evening.” She handed off the sleeping child to a waiting maid, before closing the door behind him.

Lady Averette belatedly stood to greet Wellston, who remained stolidly by the door. “Your lordship,” the woman gestured the earl forward. “Please join us. I apologize for my husband’s absence.”

Wellston glanced about the room, obviously displeased by the circumstances. He scowled before crossing to the chair Aunt Alice had indicated. “Might I ask, ma’am, when his lordship will return. I have urgent business.”

The viscountess shot a quick glance at Cashé. Her aunt had depended on Uncle Samuel in social situations; she knew not how to respond. Therefore, Cashé answered. “It may be some time, your lordship.”

“Then might I speak with Miss Aldridge? My business concerns your sister.”

Cashé stood behind her aunt, resting her hands on the chair’s back. “That too is impossible, your lordship.” She smiled politely at the man.

“Miss Cashémere,” the earl beseeched. “I have been sent to Scotland to offer your sister my…”

Cashé cut him off. “We are quite aware of why you have been sent to our home!”

Berwick looked aghast. “And why might that be?” he asked incredulously.

“You are an intimate friend of the Duke of Thornhill,” she asserted.

“I am,” he hissed. “Yet, even with that…”

Again, Cashé interrupted. “My uncle will foil Thornhill’s plans and save my sister.”

“Cashémere!” her aunt warned.

Her words had brought the earl to his feet. He advanced on Cashé. “You should explain,” he demanded.

“You are in my home, sir. Obeying you is not part of this house’s rules.” In defiance, her hands fisted at her waist. She attempted to meet his eyes with a resolve stronger than the one she found in his, but she felt like a tasty morsel in the path of a dangerous feline. Surprisingly, Cashé thought the earl strikingly handsome in all his fury.

* * *

He loomed over the girl. From behind him, Lady Averette gasped, but Marcus had no time to practice his manners. “You will do as I say if you wish to guard your sister’s safety. I have come to protect Miss Aldridge.” According to Shepherd’s information, Murhad Jamot had planned his attack for this very day.

Regarding him with noteworthy self-assurance, the girl charge, “You are in Scotland at the duke’s bequest, but you are too late!”

Marcus’s temper flamed. “What do you mean ‘too late’?”

A flicker of fear crossed her countenance before she tamped it down, and Marcus wondered what had brought on the emotion; but before he could explore the reason, the girl raised her chin in boldness. “As if you did not know, my lord.”

Marcus thought of turning her over his knee to teach the girl about respect, but he had no time to spare. He caught her by the arm and dragged her to a nearby chair, shoving her to a seated position. He saw Lady Averette take a step toward the bell cord, but he stayed her with a deathly stare. He seethed with anger. “Now, Miss Cashémere, you will answer my questions.”

The girl rubbed her arm where he had grabbed her, and a moment of regret stabbed his heart. He was never one to treat females roughly, and he could not justify why he had done so. “I shall do no such thing!” she declared.

Marcus glanced at the cowering viscountess. The girl would protect Lady Averette. “I am certain your aunt will see things differently.” He strode angrily toward the woman, but before he took three steps, Miss Cashémere jumped onto his back and began to kick and punch.

Marcus’s hands protected his face as she swung indiscriminately, landing blows along his chin and ears. “Bloody hell!” he cursed, catching the girl’s arms and whipping her before him and effectively clamping her arms to her side. Although she still attempted to kick him, she plastered his chest with her warmth, and a spark of tension flared between them. To free himself of the sensation, Marcus shoved her into a second chair. “Stay!” he growled, pointing his finger at her as if she were a dog.

His roughness brought tears to the girl’s eyes, but she prepared for a second attack; however, her aunt stepped before the girl, effectively cutting off the exchange. “What is it you wish of us, my lord?” Lady Averette spoke softly.

Marcus glared at Miss Cashé, before taking a stilling breath. “Could you please explain, Viscountess, where I might find your husband or Miss Aldridge?”

The woman turned first to Cashé, indicating the girl should sit. “Neither my husband’s niece nor I know the answer to that question,” Lady Averette said calmly.

Marcus thought this the most bizarre mission Shepherd had ever assigned him. He ran his fingers through his hair. Taking another calming breath, he said, “What might you tell me, ma’am? I give you my word as a gentleman…” He heard the girl snort, and Marcus leveled a warning glare on her before he continued. “As a gentleman…that it is not my intention to bring shame upon your household.”

The viscountess again motioned Marcus to a chair. She sat beside Cashé, taking the girl’s hand. “Are you telling us the Duke of Thornhill did not send you to Edinburgh?”

Marcus wondered how much he might honestly share with Averette’s family, but these women were also Fowler’s family so he attempted a version of the truth. “Although His Grace now knows of my mission to your home, I did not come at his bidding.”

“Then who sent you?” the girl demanded before her aunt placed a calming hand on Miss Cashé’s sleeve.

“That I am not at liberty to say, Miss Cashémere, but I will tell you I received word of a former enemy of the men you met at Briar House after the Prince’s party. This man had planned to exact revenge on Thornhill by harming your older sister. As I live in Northumberland, I was dispatched to intercept the attack.”

The viscountess’s hands trembled. “Velvet did not leave to meet His Grace?”

Her words slammed into his chest. “Miss Aldridge has left this house?”

“Yes.”

“When?” The word exploded in the room.

“Yesterday morning.”

“Oh, my God! I am too late!” Marcus was on his feet and pacing. “Tell me the rest.”

The viscountess reluctantly obliged. “A servant observed my husband’s niece in the orchard. The man went on about his duties, but within a quarter hour, he observed a carriage racing from the area. When Gillis reported what he had seen to my Samuel, we conducted a search. Unfortunately, we were not successful in locating our eldest niece. My husband, sir, believes his family has departed our home to meet the Duke of Thornhill. He gives chase.”

Marcus had heard from Lowery how distraught Thornhill had been at Miss Aldridge’s departure, but he knew Bran would never lure Velvet from her uncle’s home. To claim the woman he loved, Thornhill might “storm the castle,” so to speak, but he would never devise a secret betrayal. It was not the duke’s style. “Lord Averette will not find your niece with His Grace.”

“How can you be so certain, your lordship?” Miss Cashé charged.

“Because Shaheed Mir has other plans for your sister.”

“Such as? And who is Shaheed Mir?” But a slight shake of his head warned her that she would not want to know. Before he could say more, she stood before him. “You must assist her,” she asserted.

Marcus wanted to remind the silly chit assisting Miss Aldridge had been his plan when he had entered Averette’s manor. Wished to remind her he had ridden all night through a rainstorm to do his best to foil Mir’s plans. She had stated the obvious. “We must determine whether Mir’s agents have your sister. Have either of you noticed strangers in the area?”

“We ran a foreigner from the stable,” Lady Averette shared.

“When was that?”

“A week or so ago. He claimed to be seeking work. Lord Averette did not like his looks so he sent the man away.”

The girl caught Marcus’s arm. “A dark man followed Velvet and me when we shopped two days ago. We noticed because he asked Edana if he might buy her a butter tart. When she refused, he continued to ask about the household.”

“Demme!” Marcus grumbled.

“Your lordship, I must insist that you not curse in my uncle’s house,” Miss Cashé reprimanded.

Marcus blinked in confusion, unaware he had uttered an expletive before a lady. He had spent too much time of late with his duties to the Realm and in a bachelor’s household in Northumberland. “I apologize, Miss Cashémere.” Ashamed, he purposely walked away toward the window, taking up a position to look out upon the gardens. “Did you observe this stranger?”

“No, sir, but we might bring in Edana to describe him.”

Marcus considered it, but he suspected it would be a waste of time. “I am assuming Miss Aldridge had at least a two-hour lead on Lord Averette,” he said to the expanse before the house.

“Closer to three,” Lady Averette shared.

“So, we are not certain whether his lordship actually followed Miss Aldridge.”

Miss Cashé asked, “What do you mean, sir?”

Marcus turned to look at her. “My informant says Mir’s man plans to travel to Liverpool and wait for a ship. I doubt Lord Averette could have known of the stranger’s plans? And I am certain the rain will eliminate any opportunity of his actually following the coach in which the man holds Miss Aldridge.”

“Your assumption holds merit.” The girl appeared very nervous. “I hold my doubts also.”

“Explain.” Marcus waited for more information.

Miss Cashé looked about sheepishly. “I heard Uncle Samuel order his driver to set a course for Derbyshire. My uncle assumed the duke would lure Velvet to Lady Worthing’s home at Linton Park. It would not be so long of a journey. Not as if Thornhill planned to lure Velvet to Kent, and Uncle realized Viscount Worthing and Lady Eleanor would be happy to provide both Velvet and Thornhill refuge.”

“So, your uncle chases his prejudice while your sister is in real danger?” Marcus could not resist this bit of censure.

“Lord Averette protects my sister!” the girl defended her foolish uncle.

“Actually, Miss Cashémere, I suspect His Grace, as well as several others of our acquaintance protect Miss Aldridge.”

“I thought you said His Grace had nothing to do with your being here!” Again, the girl was on the offensive.

I said,” he emphasized the words, “when I began my journey, His Grace knew nothing of this situation, but I am certain he has since received notification; and knowing Thornhill’s affection for Miss Aldridge, he must be on his way to Liverpool.”

Miss Cashé looked to her aunt for confirmation. “Then we must locate my uncle and see him to Liverpool as well.”

“Surely, you jest, Miss Cashémere?”

Again, her fists came to her waist. “I do not jest, your lordship! We must find my sister before His Grace has the opportunity to ruin her.”

“Miss Cashémere,” Marcus mocked, “your sister’s reputation is already ruined: She travels alone with a foreigner. However, it is her life of which you should be concerned.”

Lady Averette finally reacted. “But if Samuel can aid in Velvet’s release, we might still hush up her absence. Other than our servants, no one knows, and they are a loyal lot.” Marcus doubted the Averettes could control the gossip, but he kept his opinions to himself. “We will spread the rumor that Samuel and his niece have traveled to Derby because Lady Worthing has taken ill. If my husband can return with Velvet, no one will be the wiser. Lord Averette is most concerned for propriety.”

“I could go,” Cashé declared. “I could go after Uncle Samuel.”

Lady Averette reached for the girl. “It is a great responsibility.”

“We will tell everyone the earl came to escort me to Linton Park. Lady Eleanor, obviously, is my family also.”

Marcus suddenly realized what they planned. “I beg your pardon. I must follow Miss Aldridge’s trail.”

“Then I will go alone,” Cashé declared.

“Miss Cashémere, that idea is folly. The roads are too dangerous for a woman alone.”

“We can trust no one else, your lordship.” Lady Averette turned her eyes on him in supplication. “If we are to save Velvet’s reputation, my husband must be involved.”

Marcus realized their determination. “Then I will follow Lord Averette.”

Miss Cashé stood before him, her damnable chin lifting again. “Uncle Samuel will never believe you. He is aware of your relationship with His Grace. You must take me with you if you expect him to accept your words.”

Wellston wished he could curse again. The exclamations seemed to clear his thinking when he felt frustrated. He attempted to analyze what he might achieve if he went toward Liverpool first. Miss Aldridge and Murhad Jamot had, at least, a four and twenty hour advantage. “Might Lord Averette have access to his bank if we must ransom Miss Aldridge?” he asked.

“I shall give my niece a blank draft to take to her uncle,” Lady Averette assured him.

“Might your maid accompany us?” he needed to clarify what he should expect.

“I shall take Edana with me,” Cashé declared.

“I would go,” Lady Averette excused herself, “but Gwendolyn would be devastated. Moreover, we must keep up appearances.”

Marcus did not understand the viscountess’s attitude. He would give away every thread of propriety to have Maggie back. He would stare down Society for the pleasure of Maggie’s laugh. Marcus quickly planned their departure. “We must be on the road immediately. We have much time to recover. Is there a coach the ladies might use or should I see to renting one?”

“You may take my husband’s small coach,” Lady Averette declared. “We have another the servants might use if we require supplies or if we experience an emergency.”

“And a driver?” Marcus pressed.

“I shall see to it, your lordship.” Lady Averette caught her niece’s hand. “You must hurry, my dear. I shall send up the maids to assist you in packing.”

The girl started for the door. “Miss Cashémere,” the earl called, “do you recall what your sister wore yesterday?”

“A light blue gown.”

“Are you certain.”

“Absolutely, my lord.”

Marcus nodded. “Might you bring an item belonging to Miss Aldridge among your things? If we must use the hounds, it would be helpful to track your sister.” Thankfully, the girl acknowledged the sensibility of what he had said before excusing herself. “I will see to my horse and assure the coach’s soundness. I hope to use some of the back roads to save time.”

“I understand, your lordship.” Lady Averette led him to the door. “We will be ready within the hour.”

Posted in book excerpts, books, buildings and structures, eBooks, historical fiction, Living in the Regency, Napoleonic Wars, Realm series, Regency era, Regency romance, Scotland | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , | 2 Comments

How Was It to Shop in Market Towns and Villages of Early 1800s England?

17 Of The Most Beautiful Villages To Visit In Britain! - Hand ... handluggageonly.co.uk

17 Of The Most Beautiful Villages To Visit In Britain! – Hand …
handluggageonly.co.uk

Obviously, there would not be street vendors, but rather peddlers, who would travel from village to village, selling their ware. “A peddler, in British English pedlar, also known as a canvasser, cheapjack, monger, higler or solicitor (with negative connotations since the 16th century), is a traveling vendor of goods. In England, the term was mostly used for travellers hawking goods in the countryside to small towns and villages; they might also be called tinkers or gypsies.

In London more specific terms were used, such as costermonger. There has long been a suspicion of dishonest or petty criminal activity associated with pedlars and travelers. The origin of the word, known in English since 1225, is unknown, but it might come from French pied, Latin pes, pedis “foot”, referring to a petty trader travelling on foot. Peddlers usually travelled on foot, carrying their wares, or by means of a person- or animal-drawn cart or wagon (making the peddler a hawker).” (Peddlers)

Because they did not fit into clear professional categories, peddlers could be highly mobile. They brought the products to the consumer’s door. Without the cost of maintaining permanent shops, the peddlers could charge lower prices for a variety of small goods. (Sixteenth Century Journal)

Also, men would travel mending tin pots, sharpening knives, acting as at catchers, rag and bone men, sellers of chapbooks and cheap repository tracts, etc. Let us take a quick look at several of these types. 

The Bone-Grubber by Richard Beard. Henry Mayhew described one bone-grubber he encountered as wearing a "ragged coat...greased over, probably with the fat of the bones he gathered". Henry Mayhew - http://books.google.co. uk/booksid=iBIIAAAAQAAJ &printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_ summary_r&cad =0#v=onepage& q&f=false The Bone-Grubber, daguerreotype by Beard - created 31 December 1850 - Public Domain

The Bone-Grubber by Richard Beard. Henry Mayhew described one bone-grubber he encountered as wearing
a “ragged coat…greased
over, probably with the
fat of the bones he gathered”. Henry Mayhew
http://books.google.co.
uk/booksid=iBIIAAAAQAAJ
&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_
summary_r&cad
=0#v=onepage&
q&f=false The Bone-Grubber, daguerreotype
by Beard – created 31 December 1850 – Public Domain

Rag-and-bone men collected unwanted household items and resold them to merchants. The traditional rag-and-bone man carried a bag over his shoulder and made his way about on foot. Occasionally a wealthier rag-and-bone man would have a cart pulled by a small pony or donkey, however these were few. Most of these men lived in extreme poverty. They collected old rags, bones, and bits of metal.

A chapman was another early itinerate pedlar. A chapman was a hawkers of chapbooks, broadside ballads, etc. A chapbook was an early popular type of literature, which was produced cheaply. They were generally small, paper-covered books, customarily printed on a single sheet, which was folded into books of 8, 12, 16, and 24 pages. Woodcuts, not related to the text, were often included. The tradition originated in the 16th Century and rose in popularity through the 18th Century. The text included folk tales, nursery rhymes, poetry, religious tracts, political tracts, children’s tales, etc. (Chapbook)

Meanwhile, broadside ballads (popular songs) sold for a penny or a halfpenny. They preceded chapbooks. “There are records from Cambridgeshire as early as in 1553 of a man offering a scurrilous ballad ‘maistres mass’ at an alehouse, and a pedlar selling ‘lytle books’ to people, including a patcher of old clothes in 1578.” (Chapbook)

A badger was a dealer in food or victuals which he “purchased in one place and carried for sale in another place. The Oxford English Dictionary gives the earliest entry as being from Bristol in 1500, but there were bager(s)gates at York in 1243 and in Lincoln by 1252. It continued in use until the 19th century in Great Britain. Badger was specifically applied to those dealing in grain for food, but was also applied generically to food commodity dealers. These included those dealing in grain for brewing (maltsters) or meal for bread-making, (mealmen) while others specialised in butter and cheese. Other grains, beans, peas or even vetch were traded in years when wheat and barley prices were high. The legislation also referred to kidders, drovers of livestock, laders and carriers.” (Badger)

 Some of the towns were large enough that we would call them cities, and others were so small one one would barely describe them as villages. At this time they were not officially designated by size, but by the form of government and the founding documents as well as whether or not the place had a cathedral or abbey. Jane Austen has villages in both Pride and Prejudice and Emma. In Pride and Prejudice, readers travel to the villages of Meryton in Hertfordshire, Lambton in Derbyshire, and Hunsford in Kent. In Emma, Emma stands in the doorway of Fords in Highbury–the general store, and looks down the street. “Emma went to the door for amusement . . . ; and when her eyes fell only on the butcher with his tray, a tidy old woman travelling homewards from shop with her full basket, two curs quarrelling over a dirty bone, and a string of dawdling children round the baker’s little bow-window eyeing the gingerbread, she knew she had no reason to complain, and was amused enough; quite enough still to stand at the door. A mind lively and at ease, can do with seeing nothing, and can see nothing that does not answer. (Emma, 233)” “Jane Austen’s famous literary advice to her niece Anna—“3 or 4 Families in a Country Village is the very thing to work on” (9 September 1814) — has been widely accepted as a summary statement of her own praxis, and Emma is the novel most frequently cited as the exemplar of Austen’s focus on isolated and insulated country communities.” (“It must be done in London”: The Suburbanization of Highboy by Tara Ghoshal Wallace)

Market towns had a special status, but were not cities. They were generally larger than the surrounding villages, and shopping did not come from street vendors, except on market day. One would likely find a blacksmith, dressmaker, sundry’s store, a small circulating library, a couple of inns, possibly, a shop that sold meat pies, a hat maker, etc. An established church was likely. Physicians, surgeons, lawyers were some of the professionals found in the market towns. “Market town or market right is a legal term, Markoriginating in the medieval period, for a European settlement that has the right to host markets, distinguishing it from a village and city. Farmers and their wives brought their produce to informal markets held on the grounds of their church after worship. Market towns grew up at centres of local activity and were an important feature of rural life.  Markets were located where transport was easiest, such as at a crossroads or close to a river ford.

“The English monarchy created a system by which a new market town could not be established within a certain travelling distance of an existing one. This limit was usually a day’s worth of travelling to and from the market, and buying or selling goods. If the travel time exceeded this standard, a new market town could be established in that locale. As a result of the limit, official market towns often petitioned the monarch to close down illegal markets in other towns. These distances are still law in England today. Other markets can be held provided that they are licensed by the holder of the Royal Charter, which tends currently to be the local town council. Failing that, the Crown can grant a license. As traditional market towns developed, they had a wide main street or central market square. These provided room for people to set up stalls and booths on market days. Often the town erected a market cross in the centre of the town, to obtain God’s blessing on the trade.” (Market Town)

51GplnnLiBL._SX322_BO1,204,203,200_A book I would recommend is THE ENGLISH VILLAGE, which was a study of a large cross section of little villages and the kinds of things they have in common. Here is the book blurb from Amazon: The village remains a quintessential and much-loved treasure of the English countryside. This rural idyll has inspired generations of great poets, novelists, and artists including the likes of Constable, Hardy, Wordsworth, as well as providing the picturesque setting for modern TV series such as Lark Rise to Candleford and Cranford. The English Village celebrates all that is unique and loved about a typical village—the pub, the green, the school, the church, the pond, the local shop and more—as well as exploring how the village has changed over the centuries. Also includes fascinating information on the origins of village names—Siddington, for example, means the farm of the valley (sidd: valley, in: belonging to, ton: farmland). Beautifully illustrated, and filled with facts, figures, customs, and lore, there is a wealth of fascinating information to be discovered in this charming book.

Actually, each village seems to have its own odd little eccentric thing about it, some quirky little detail like a local product or a haunted tale about the village green or what-have-you. Depending on the region, they could also have different things, like in the Midlands, pottery related shops, or in the North, woollens-related businesses, and along the coast, shipbuilding or timber processing and/or lots of extra pubs for all those sailors, as well as inns for travelers. Each village was constructed around a church, a rectory or parsonage for the minister to live in, a pub, a hall, a general store with post office, maybe a doctor’s home office, possibly a school or a building or home that serves as a dame school, a green with a few trees and/or a pond. Country villages are obviously very agricultural so one should not neglect the possibility of related businesses like blacksmiths, smokehouse, bakers. Maybe even a mill or a nearby river or canal. 

“In Britain, peddling is still governed by the Pedlars Act of 1871, which provides for a “pedlar’s certificate”. Application is usually made to the police. In the late 20th century, the use of such certificates became rare as other civic legislation including the Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982 and the Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1982 for England & Wales introduced a street trader’s licence. As of 2008 the pedlar’s certificates remain legal and in use, although several local councils have sought to rid their area of peddlers by way of local bylaw or enforcement mechanisms such as making them apply for a street trader’s license.” (Peddler)

Posted in British history, Great Britain, Jane Austen, Living in the Regency, real life tales, Regency era, Uncategorized, Victorian era | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | 7 Comments

Portland Place, London’s Widest Street and the Adam Brothers’ Legacy

Portland Place was designed by Robert and James Adam in 1767. Originally, Robert Adam had thought to make this area a veritable street of palaces. Unfortunately for Adam, all attempts to do so failed, and rows of townhouses, though spacious and more than a bit intimidating at times, was settled upon. A “close” of great houses it has been called. The width of the thoroughfare/street was determined by the 3rd Duke of Portland’s obligations to his tenant, Lord Thomas Foley, whose northward view from Foley House could not be interfered with: Therefore, the width of Portland Place is the width of Foley House. At around 125 feet wide, the street is commonly referred to as the widest street in London. The agreement was signed in January 1767 and confirmed by an Act of Parliament in April of that year. James Adam negotiated the understanding for the development, which, initially, only covered the southern half of Portland Place, as well as the streets leading off it to either side, going as far north as Weymouth Street. The agreement for the northern half was negotiated in April 1776.

Generally speaking, over 20 years, the houses were built from the south to the north. Portland Place was truly a rare occurrence in London, for it was cut off by Foley House on one end and Maryleborne Fields on the other. Moreover, one could only access it from side streets. Those who resided there had a “private enclave,” of sorts.

PORTLAND PLACE. Foley House, in 1800. London – c1880 – old print – antique print – vintage print – art picture prints of London
Brand: Antiqua Print Gallery

Sir John Soane’s Museum Collection Online provides us this information regarding Foley House and Portland Place:

Foley House, Portland Place, London: unexecuted design for a ceiling for Thomas Foley, 2nd Baron Foley, by an unknown architect, 1762 (1)

  • 1762

Foley House was built by Stiff Leadbetter (d1766) for Thomas Foley, 2nd Baron Foley of Kidderminster (1703-66) in c1754-62. It was around Foley House in the 1770s that the Adam brothers arranged Portland Place, the widest contemporary street in London. The width of Portland Place was conditioned by the breadth of Foley House as Lord Foley did not want any of the windows on the north front of his house to be obscured. The Adams had intended Portland Place to be a piazza of urban mansions, enclosed at the southern end by Foley House, and overlooking the fields of Marylebone Farm at the northern end. Owing to the financial constraints caused by the American War of Independence it became instead a street of townhouses.

There is a ceiling design for Foley House, datable to 1762, in the Adam drawings collection, and although it makes use of neo-classical motifs, it is highly uncharacteristic of Adam’s oeuvre. According to Bolton it ‘cannot be Adam’. It is possible that this design is by Stiff Leadbetter, the architect of Foley House, who did not die until c1766, but it does not make use of his characteristic scale bar, and as such it is difficult to attribute authorship. As far as is known Robert Adam did not make any contribution to Foley House itself.

The 2nd Baron Foley died unmarried and intestate, and his estate passed to his cousin Thomas Foley of Stoke Edith. Foley House was demolished in c1815, and the site is now occupied by the Langham Hotel.

See also: Stoke Edith, Herefordshire

Literature:
A.T. Bolton, The architecture of Robert and James Adam, 1922, Volume II, pp. 102-3, Index pp. 45, 71; J. Lees-Milne, The age of Adam, 1947, p. 37; D. Yarwood, Robert Adam, 1970, p. 164; B. Weinreb, and C. Hibbert, The London Encyclopaedia, 1983, p. 633; B. Cherry, and N. Pevsner, The buildings of England: London 3: north west, 1991, p. 647

Portland Place 1815

https://archive.org/stream/repositoryofarts1315acke#page/n290/mode/1up

Unfortunately, for the Adam brothers Portland Place proved to be a near disaster financially. One must recall the brothers were also involved in Mansfield Street (beginning in the late 1760s), as well as large sections of New Cavendish, Great Portland, Devonshire, and Hallam Streets. Yet, Portland Place was their main point of concentration.

Robert Adam did attempt to persuade the Surveryor General of the Crown Lands to transfer that property to the Duke of Portland, but he met with failure in that regard.

As I said earlier in this piece, Robert Adam had initially planned for two or three large mansions to be the soul of Portland Place, more in a strada di palazzi style. Yet, economic uncertainty reigned after the American War of Independence, requiring the brothers to rethink their plans.

In reality, because they were holding out for several large “city” estates, the Adam brothers began their Adelphi area first. There were no true plans for Portland Place until February 1772. At the end of that year, the three eldest Adam brothers were working for Lord Lord Findlater at Cullen House in Banffshire; as such, Robert Adam had presented the earl, James Ogilvy, 7th Earl of Findlater and 4th Earl of Seafield, two plans for a mansion on the east side of Portland Place at the south corner of Weymouth Street.

The Adam Brothers’ Adelphi (1768–72) was London’s first neoclassical building. Eleven large houses fronted a vaulted terrace, with wharves beneath. ~ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelphi,_London#/media/File:View_of_the_south_front_of_the_new_buildings_called_Adelphi_RP-P-OB-70.899.jpg

Findlater changed his mind several times regarding this project. On again. Off again. Findlater again wished to build his “mansion,” but, by then, it was 1783, and Portland Place was beginning to take on the look of what we consider this street to be, even today.

Moreover, outside forces were plaguing the Adam brothers’ ventures:

1772 crash of Scottish banks

stalled development of the Aldephi project

credit problems for the brothers

questionable clientele

Findlater considered a site on the west side, near Devonshire Street with only a 97 foot frontage and with a more neoclassical look to it; yet, still the earl could not come to a decision. Rumors of Findlater’s homosexuality had the man departing England for the Continent. The builder James Gibson took advantage of the situation and pressed Adam to permit him to build terraced houses on the site.

Robert Adam began sketching rough plans for terraced houses on the west side. Those plans included

**a “Center House” of 78 feet frontage

**a group of three houses on the 160 feet wide street between Duchess and New Cavendish streets (center house with 60 foot frontage, flanked by two houses with each having a 50 foot frontage)

**drawings of rooms of different shapes and positions within the house

Adam’s large terraced houses never came to fruition. Instead, the block was divided into smaller plots of 30 feet each, the standard for Portland Place.

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Architectural Genius: Robert Adam vs. Sir William Chambers

Adelphi is a district in the City of Westminster. The Adelphi Buildings, a block of 24 unified neoclassical terrace houses, between The Strand and the River Thames in the parish of St Martin in the Fields, was named “Adelphi,” for it the Greek word meaning “brothers.” The Adam brothers (John, Robert, James, and William Adam) were the masterminds of this development in the late 1700s. They were built between 1768 and 1772. The ruins of Durham House on the site were demolished for the construction.

The Adelphi forms one of the most notable works of the brothers Adam. The design of the buildings was, for the most part, the work of Robert Adam, though his brothers, James and William, were also concerned with the scheme.

The father of this remarkable family, William Adam of Maryburgh (now Blair Adam), near Kinross, Scotland, had a considerable practice as an architect. He died in 1748. John, the eldest son, appears to have remained in Scotland, but the three younger sons, Robert, James and William, all came to practise architecture in London.

After being educated at Edinburgh University, Robert Adam visited Italy and other countries and was greatly influenced by the architecture he observed. He, therefore, developed his own unique style of architectural design based on Classic domestic architecture, not he severe temple architecture which inspired the Renaissance. “The light and elegant treatment thus evolved resulted in a decorative manner that has come to be considered typical of the Adam style. The characteristic qualities of Robert Adam’s method of working were well illustrated in the Adelphi group of buildings and the attractive forms of decorative design developed by him appear, externally, in doors and door-cases, in the flat but richly ornamented pilasters, entablatures, string courses, medallion ornaments, etc., applied to the various facades, and, internally, in door-cases, columned screens, fireplaces, and delicately ornamented ceilings.

Robert Adam

“At the time the Adelphi scheme was commenced Robert Adam was about 40 years of age and had already to his credit a number of fine houses and architectural designs. The Adelphi was an achievement of which, despite the sneers of Walpole and others, any architect might well be proud, for Adam transformed a sharply sloping, derelict site, subject to inundations from the river at high tide, into one of the most desirable residential quarters in London. He produced a workable gradient for his streets by the expedient of building them on a series of brick arches, which increased from one to three tiers as the streets approached the river. Access to these arches was provided by subterranean streets duplicating those above.

“The architectural design of the Adelphi was a bold one, but the financial side of the scheme was daring even to rashness; no agreement was signed with the freeholder of the property, the Duke of St. Albans, until 1769, a year after work had been begun on the site; no authority was sought from Parliament for the reclamation of land from the river until 1771; the brothers reckoned on securing a return for their expenditure on the arches, the most costly part of the scheme, from the Government who they thought would rent the vaults for Ordnance stores, though they had no kind of guarantee that any such contract would be forthcoming; and finally the cost of the enterprise was greatly under-estimated and proved to be far beyond the resources of the promoters.” (British History Online)

Not all approved of the “Adam revolution.” The Royal Academy and Sir William Chambers essentially ignored the “Adam designs,” though a few imitations were exhibited. To say Chambers and Robert Adam did not get along well would be an understatement. [Sir William Chambers was an  eclectic architect of the Georgian period. who was one of the leading Palladian-style architects of his day and a founding father of the Royal Academy. Chambers’s best-known works are Somerset House (1776–86) in London, now home of the Courtauld Institute Galleries; the casino at Marino (c. 1776), near Dublin; Duddingston House (1762–64) in Edinburgh; and the ornamental buildings, including the Great Pagoda (1757–62), at Kew Gardens, Surrey (now in London). In the last he went as far in the direction of Romantic eclecticism as any architect of his time. In general, however, he was an architectural conservative who used a profound knowledge of European (especially French) architecture to give a new look to the accepted motifs of Palladianism. His books, notably A Treatise on Civil Architecture (1759), had widespread influence. (Britannica)

For some thirty years, Chambers and Adam were the leading architects of their time. Only Somerset House and Melbourne House remain as examples of Chambers’s work. For the Adam brothers, we still have a few fragments of the Adelphi, three houses of Portland Place, two façades in Fitzroy Square and the Admiralty screen.

Somerset House and the Aldephi. The Adelphi is complete. Somerset House is unfinished, lacking the eastern wind, to be completed by the building of King’s College. c. 1830-1835, painting by John Paul, c. 1825, Museum of London

To complete the Adelphi, the Adam brothers took out a 99-years’ lease from the Duke of St Albans in 1768 of the site of Durham House. After clearing the site, in 1771, they petitioned for an Act of Parliament so they might reclaim a shallow “bay” formed by the river at this point and erect a wharf and other necessary buildings.

Brick catacombs supported the blocks of houses. They were to be level with the Strand. There was to be a “Royal Terrace” in the centre and streets at the sides, which would with pedimented and pilastered ends. Those the houses were to know a certain splendor, the Adam brothers made no attempt to a “Roman” dressings, so to speak. Instead, they rendered expressive by gay strips of honeysuckle embroidery.

The idea was certainly one of a kind, but fate was not on the side of the Adam brothers. The Ordnance Office did not let all the vaults for storage. The constructed wharf was too low by some two feet. The houses did not sell as quickly as expect.

Yet, the Adam brothers were not down and out. They created a lottery selling 4,370 tickets at 50 pounds each, with 108 prizes. By selling their collection of works of art, the Adam brothers saved their project, but not totally their reputation.

British History Online tells us, “There were eight principal prizes and a number of smaller ones, consisting of the houses, shops, warehouses and vaults in the Adelphi not already sold, and a few houses in Queen Anne Street and Mansfield Street, as well as a collection of pictures and other works of art. A prospectus was published setting out the prizes in detail. One of these prizes, the value of which was given as £9,960, consisted of:

1. The 10th house west from Adam Street on the south side of John Street (No. 10) subject to a ground rent of £22 a year.

2. The 11th house there (No. 12) “in the occupation of Mr. William Adam, and let on a lease” from Ladyday 1773 at £150 per annum. Ground rent £23 per annum.

3. A house at the corner of John Street and York Buildings (No. 14) with cellars underneath. Ground rent £34 a year.

4. A house in the Strand at the east corner of Adam Street (No. 73) “let on lease to Mr. Thomas Becket” from Ladyday 1773 at £163 per annum. Ground rent £70 per annum.

5. “The New Exchange Coffeehouse, being the 4th west from Adam Street, in the Occupation of and let to Mr. Townshend. The Front Part on a Lease of 21 years from Midsummer 1771,” at £50 per annum, and the “Back Part on a Lease of which 31 years are unexpired from Michaelmas 1774,” at £20 per annum. Ground rent £44 17s. 9d. per annum.

N.B. This house is greatly underlet.”

The prices at which the houses were assessed proved to be somewhat optimistic, for when on 11th July, 1774, some of the prize-winning tickets were put up to auction they fetched considerably less than their nominal value. 

The scheme of the Adelphi included Adelphi Terrace, Robert Street and Adam Street to the west and east respectively, John Street to the north parallel to the Terrace, Durham House Street, and the north-east corner of York Buildings, etc. It embraced an area of roughly 400 ft. by 360 ft., or 3⅓ acres of ground. It will be seen, therefore, that the development was on an ambitious scale, comprising several streets and a large number of houses, practically all of which contained architectural features of distinction and interest. Adelphi Terrace formed the principal feature of the whole design and, with the advancing ends of the houses in Adam and Robert Streets, composed an effective group from the river.

The houses as originally designed showed plain brick facades with portions emphasised, such as the angles or centres of the blocks, with ornamented pilasters, entablatures, string courses, etc., in stucco, pleasantly designed metal balconies to windows, metal railings to areas, with lamp standards flanking doorways, and enriched door-cases. The character of the treatment will be seen by reference to the illustrations, which also show parts of the interior with the characteristic Adam decoration in wall linings, ceilings, fireplaces, door-cases, staircases, vestibule and other screens, etc. The ceilings in some cases include paintings by artists of the period, as e.g. that to the first-floor front room of No. 4, Adelphi Terrace.

Adelphi Terrace formed the most extensive individual group of houses. The whole of the front was altered by the unfortunate changes made in 1872, when the facade was cemented over and vulgarised on Victorian lines, entirely destroying its original character. The general effect of the buildings facing the river was, moreover, considerably modified when the Victoria Embankment with its gardens and roadway was formed in 1864–70.

No. 10, Adelphi Terrace, details of doors and window linings on first floor ~ https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol18/pt2/pp99-102

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The London Building Act of 1774

The Building Act of 1774 changed the look of London and set off rapid estate development. Many of the aristocracy decided to build large, expansive houses in London. The Duke of Manchester was one of those who took advantage of the situation and had a house built on Portman land in what is now called Manchester Square. Stratford Place was built on a triangular piece of land purchased from the City by the Honourable Edward Stratford. Nowadays, it is sometimes referred to as “London’s grandest cul-de-sac.”

“Its access from the northern side of Oxford Street currently slightly impeded by building works Stratford Place quickly yields its secrets. At its end Stratford House is a late eighteen century mansion built for the Earl of Stratford but only occupied by him between 1770 and 1776.” [Trip Advisor]

Today, Hertford House, which was built by the 4th Duke of Manchester between 1776 and 1788 is home to the Wallace Collection, a national museum housing unsurpassed masterpieces of painting, sculpture, furniture, arms and armour, and porcelain. It has been considerably altered from its original form with the addition of galleries to accommodate the art. It is open to the public and has a lovely café.

Below, the 2nd Marquess of Hertford, 1743-1822, a member of the Seymour family headed by the Duke of Somerset, bought Manchester House, and renamed it Hertford House in 1797.

a drawing of Hertford House, circa 1812, from the Wallace Collection

According to Georgian Cities, “Estates granted by the King to members of the Court, from Henry VIII onwards, were freeholds that could be sublet by an act of Parliament, to attract groups of developers to finance building. The lords of the manor designed streets and squares, then they granted leases to develop the estate.

“In the first half of the century, the plots were sublet to the nobility and gentry who would build their own houses on them, usually in different styles like detached country houses though they were adjacent (as a surviving example, see Berkeley Square in Mayfair). In the later 18th century, they were sublet to builders who would recoup their expenditure by letting the houses, which led to the uniform design and terraced houses of the later Georgian era, their unified palatial appearance corresponding to architects’ overall plans and being better in keeping with the tastes of professional people (the best surviving example being Bedford Square in Bloomsbury).”

Certain building regulations were put into practice and into law.

  1. After the Great Fire of 1666, the height of houses was set as follows:
Post-fire Building Regulations
The prescribed heights of houses, as decreed in the 1667 Rebuilding Act
Hugh Clout, The Times London History Atlas, Harper Collins Publishers Ltd, 1991

Historic UK tells us, “The 1667 and 1670 Rebuilding Acts enshrined a series of procedures which acted on this sentiment. As a measure against the incidence of large fires, new buildings were to be built in brick or stone, with the use of flammable materials restricted. To halt the spread of flames, jettying upper storeys or protruding signs were banned and party walls mandated. Four distinct classes of building type were described in the legislation too, determined by their proximity to large thoroughfares and newly-widened streets, standardizing the dimensions as well as the materials of the rebuilt City.

2. The streets were widened and paved.

Also from Historic UK: “In addition to laying the foundations for an urban architectural vernacular which, through the actions of developers like Nicholas Barbon, informed the design of the now ubiquitous London townhouse, these measures had a demonstrable effect on perceptions of cleanliness and metropolitan health. Indeed, for a number late seventeenth- and eighteenth-century observers, the rebuilding of London amounted to an experiment in early modern sanitation.

“This was understood according to contemporary standards of public health and medicine. In an offshoot of miasmatic theories, for example, wider streets were felt to ease the passage and so dispel the effects of ‘bad air’ caused by filth, disease, and atmospheric pollution. ‘[S]ince the Enlargement of the Streets, and modern Way of Building’, one mid-eighteenth-century writer explained, ‘by the Re-edifying of London there is such a free Circulation of sweet Air thro’ the Streets, that offensive Vapours are expelled, and the City free from all pestilential Symptoms for these eighty-nine Years’.”

3. An Act of Parliament in 1707 stated that wooden roofs had to be surrounded by a stone parapet.

In a properly built wooden house the upper floors jetty out beyond the lower ones, so that the rain can drip off instead of running into the joint between the posts and causing rot.

Building Wooden Houses tells us, “These fine old buildings still exist in Holborn, at the end of Gray’s Inn Road. The lower floors are shops and up above, the different floors each jetty out beyond the one below. Rain drips away safely from each floor and the building stays dry.

“You can tell how old the buildings are by the pavement level. When the original pavement was laid it would have been slightly below the floors of the shops, yet today we step down into them. Each time the pavement has been repaired, it has risen slightly. The new pavings have been placed on top of the old with fresh layers of gravel and sand. Pavements in old towns can rise as much as a foot (15 centimetres) a century.

“This, and the thatched roof, made a series of steps which trapped any fire. Houses started burning fiercely and then it was easy for the fire to spread from house to house. Wooden cities all over the world have had devastating fires.

After the Great Fire of London in 1666, new Building Regulations were imposed and they, repeatedly updated, have governed London building ever since. All houses were to be in brick or stone; no wooden eaves were allowed – roofs were pushed back behind brick parapets; wooden window frames were reduced and later recessed behind brick; thatch was forbidden; party walls between houses had to be thick enough to withstand two hours of fire, to give the neighbours a chance of extinguishing the blaze. The face of London was changed for ever.

“A few years ago a short row of houses in Essex Road, at the corner of Dagmar Terrace, in Essex Road, was restored. The original houses had been built in the early 18th century in the new Fire Regulations style. The brick walls rose to above the bottom edges of the roof to form pediments. Roof timbers were short and safely protected behind the brick pediments. During the restoration the roof timbers were examined. They had old joints in them, now not used. New joints had been cut, but it was clear that the beams came from a much older house. The new house was in brick, with a parapet wall to conform to the new building regulations, but its main floor and roof joists had been salvaged from an earlier wooden building. This beam may have come from some old demolished house in the City of London when wooden houses were banned. It is a very old piece of wood that could have watched Dick Whittington ride by.”

4. In 1709, an Act of Parliament stipulated that window wooden frames should no longer be flush with the walls, but recessed.

The windows of the house in Bedford Square have wooden frames of the earlier style, flush with the façade.

Whereas those of the house in Queen Anne’s Gate conform to the new regulations and are recessed so as to be better insulated within the brickwork and avoid propagating fire; these recessed frames cast stronger shadows.

5. In 1761 the Lighting and Paving Act was passed. The paving of streets had started in Westminster.

Paving of streets
Illustration from John Gay’s Trivia (1716)
The poem describes the characters and sights of a London street.

6. The Building Act of 1774 classified the houses in four ‘rates’ and regulated the building materials and fireproofing.

Wikipedia tells us, “In order to lay down hard and fast, standardised rules of construction it was necessary to categorise London buildings into separate classes or “rates”. Each rate had to conform to its own structural code for foundations, thicknesses of external and party walls, and the positions of windows in outside walls. For all rates, the 1774 Act stipulated that all external window joinery was hidden behind the outer skin of masonry, as a precaution against fire. It also regulated the construction of hearths and chimneys.

“The Act determined seven types of building construction graded by ground area occupied and value. The four rates applicable to houses predicted the likely social class of their occupants.

  • A “First Rate” House was valued at over £850, and occupied an area on the ground plan of more than nine “squares of building” (900 square feet (84 m2)). These houses were typically for the “nobility” or “gentry”. The occupants would frequently not own the house, but would rent and use it as their townhouse as a temporary alternative to their larger country house.
  • A “Second Rate” House was valued at between £300 and £850, and occupied an area on the ground plan of between five and nine “squares of building” (500–900 square feet (46–84 m2)). These houses were typically for “professional” men, “gentleman of good fortune”, or “merchants”, and might face notable streets or the River Thames.
  • A “Third Rate” House was smaller and valued at between £150 and £300, and occupied an area on the ground plan of between three and a half and nine “squares of building” (350–500 square feet (33–46 m2)). These houses were typically for “clerks”, and faced principal streets.
  • A “Fourth Rate” House was valued at less than £150, and occupied an area on the ground plan of less than three-and-a-half “squares of building” (350 square feet (33 m2)). These houses were typically for “mechanics” or “artisans”, and would be found in minor streets.

“All external woodwork, including ornament, was banished, except where it was necessary for shopfronts and doorcases. Bowed shop windows were made to draw in to a 10 inches (250 mm) or less projection. Window joinery which previous legislation had already pushed back from the wall face was now concealed in recesses to avoid the spread of fire.”

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Geography of the Earth in Specific “Terms”

Of late, I have been exploring words of which I was not familiar and in a variety of topics. Today, I bring you words dealing with geography. Many we are hearing something of on a daily basis on TV with many sounding the alarm for climate change. Mother Earth. Whose demise we can foresee. Most of us know, for example, something of a rainforest, a valley, topography, a mountain, a lagoon, and even a fjord (thank you to Disney for adding this word to kids’ vocabulary via “Frozen”). Yet, of late, I have heard some geographical terms of which I was not so familiar, as well as some I had not considered for more years than I can to confess. Perhaps you, also, could use a refresher course. Some of these I knew. Some are new to me and perhaps to you.

Ria – a drowned river valley, forming a long, narrow, funnel-shaped inlet at right angles to the sea. Likely the most famous one of which I can think is Port Jackson, also referred to as Sydney Harbour. It is a ria, or drowned river valley. The deeply indented shape of the ria reflects the dendritic pattern of drainage that existed before the rise in sea level that flooded the valley.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ria#/media/File:Sydney(from_air)_V2.jpg

Pingo – A hillock produced in polar regions by an underground ice “blister” pushing up the surface above.

The Pingos of Tuktoyaktuk ~ https///www.amusingplanet.com/2014/01/the-pingos-of-tuktoyaktuk.html.jpg

Talga – An area of coniferous evergreen forest lying south of the tundra in Europe and Asia.

Jack London Lake — at Kolyma, Magadan Oblast, far eastern Russia. Pinus pumila in foreground, Taiga forests in backround. https///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiga#/media/File/Jack_London_Lake_by_bartosh.jpg.png

Karst – Limestone landscape with a largely bare, rocky surface and rivers that flow through underground caves.

Onondaga-Cave-State-Park-2000ps.jpg ~ https///earthathome.org/quick-faqs/what-is-karst-topography/

These next two are closely connected, so I will add them together.

Karst – A high block of land between parallel faults, caused by the block having risen or the land on either side having sunk.

Graben (or Rift Valley) – A long narrow trough where land has sunk between two in-facing parallel faults (also known as a graben).

Cross-sectional-diagram-depicting-horst-and-graben-structure-and-behavior-typical ~ https///www.researchgate.net/figure/Cross-sectional-diagram-depicting-horst-and-graben-structure-and-behavior-typical-of-the_fig2_273060246

Guyot – A flat-topped submarine mountain formed by a subsiding volcanic island.

The Bear Seamount (left), a guyot in the northern Atlantic Ocean – Wikipedia

Hogback – A long narrow ridge which is steep on both sides.

Grand Hogback – via Colorado Mt. College https///coloradomtn.edu/gc/grand-hogback/

Desertification (I could have figures this one out with the word “desert” at the beginning . . .) – The process by which land that has been farmed or inhabited becomes changed into desert, usually through climatic change or over-farming.

in Africa – https///earth.org/desertification-in-africa/

Cirque – A mountain hollow eroded by snow and ice. It may contain snow or a lake.

the National Park Service ~ https://www.nps.gov/articles/cirques.htm

Cuesta – A ridge with a steep slope on one side and a gentle dip slope on the other.

Magaliesberg Range, Transvaal, South Africa ~ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magaliesberg#/media/File:Magaliesberg08.jpg

Glaciation – The effects on land of ice sheets or glaciers that erode rocks and deposit the rock debris.

Llano – A large area of usually treeless, grassy plain in South America or the southern U.S.

Northwest escarpment of the Llano Estacado (plateau at left) overlooking Alamogordo Valley (lowlands at right) of Quay and Guadalupe counties, Eastern New Mexico.

Drumlin – A half-egg-shaped hill of glacial deposits, formed under moving glacial ice.

fotonoticia https///www.europapress.es/ciencia/cambio-climatico/noticia-solucion-misterio-colinas-drumlin-20160329191241.html.jpg

Erg – An area in the desert where there are shifting sand dunes, for example in the Sahara.

Erg Chigaga, Morocco ~ https://www.feelmorocco.travel/destinations/sahara-desert/erg-chigaga/

This last one, most of us know, but the Coriolls force appears to be more in the news these days with excessive rain, snow, tornadoes, etc. The Coriolls force refers to the tendency of the Earth’s rotation to turn winds and currents to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.

coriolis-force-and-coriolis-effect.jpg
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The Privilege of Peerage in Avoiding Punishment

I had another writer send me a message to ask what would happen to a peer if he and a young lady ran off to Scotland together. “I wish to know if there is a legal means to punish him for abducting her. Would the law of the land punish him?”

First, it was important to clarify whether the girl had gone willingly with the man or whether it was a true incident of abduction.

In reality, there were fewer options for this type of crime. Again, some issues are whether the “abductor” was an actual peer or was he, say, the son of a peer?

This information might change a bit depending on the options above: peer vs. son of a peer. Remember, a son of a peer was not extended the privileges of his father.

If the abductor was a peer, one could engage a good barrister who would move for a warrant for the peer’s arrest for abduction. The man would be arrested and kept in a jail until transported to the Tower of London to await trial. If Parliament was not in session, it could take, at least, a fortnight to build the room for the trial.

The lawyers could argue as to whether or not this was to be a trial in the House of Lords (meaning for a peer) or one in the regular court at assize (for the son of a peer, but “could” extend to the peer himself).

The truth is the barristers and the court system could, figuratively, tie him up legally for a long time. A peer might be under house arrest rather than detention in the Tower, but a good solicitor and/or barrister could keep him tied up in legal wrangles for a time, not counting the expense of lawyers. Worse yet, this would all be reported in the newspapers, which is where the “real trial” was taking place – a “trial” of a “jury” of the man’s actual “peers.”

If the issue was, by chance, a matter of debts rather than abduction or some such crime, the family or friends could buy up the man’s debts. A peer could not be thrown into debtors’ prison, but could have property confiscated and sold out from under him, so it would be advisable to secure as much of the property as possible.

The villain, Robert Lovelace, abducting Clarissa Harlowe – Public Domain ~ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarissa#/media/File:Robert_Lovelace_Preparing_to_Abduct_Clarissa_Harlowe.JPG

The privilege of peerage regarding punishment was partially a protection for rank.

In many ways being shunned by the society of his peers and blacklisted by many . . . cast out of Society was a greater punishment.

In that day and age, being sent to Coventry was more serious for many than jail. “To send someone to Coventry is an idiom used in England meaning to deliberately ostracise someone. Typically, this is done by not talking to them, avoiding their company, and acting as if they no longer exist. In essence, and by modern parlance, to ‘blank’ someone. Coventry is a cathedral city historically in Warwickshire. The origins of this phrase are unknown, although it is quite probable that events in Coventry in the English Civil War in the 1640s play a part. One hypothesis as to its origin is based upon The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, by Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon. In this work, Clarendon recalls how Royalist troops that were captured in Birmingham were taken as prisoners to Coventry, which was a Parliamentarian stronghold. These troops were often not received warmly by the locals.” [Send to Coventry]

The man would probably escape to the Continent before any charges could be laid, anyway.

Not all crimes allowed a use of privilege, which was close to the Benefit of clergy that everyone else could use without the farce of the neck verse. The woman’s father or guardian would generally have to bring the suit. Unless she was of age, the charge would be abduction.

The problem would not be that the man might escape punishment by privilege of peerage so much as that a trial would ruin the woman. All would assume he had raped her during the time they were together. Also, many would feel her male relatives should challenge the man to a duel, rather than to demand a trial. The trouble with duels is that the bullets do not know right from wrong, and the young lady’s family would be the ones in trouble if arrested for dueling.

For the most part, the punishment of the peer is unlikely to be more than social shunning and a monetary fine, assuming the woman was returned unharmed. There would no need to hang the man, in the view of the peerage, and, naturally, they would not wish to set a precedence regarding transporting a peer.

The trouble is that there were few degrees of punishment: They ranged from the stocks or pillory to a short stay in jail to hanging or to transportation. What should have been the punishment if two foolish people ran off together? Most assuredly, if the woman was truly kidnapped and did not leave her home of her own free will, the situation escalates.

It would degrade the whole peerage to have the man undergo anything except hanging, and that punishment was designed for murder and treason. Legally, the House of Lords cannot rescind his peerage. He is still “Lord So-and-so” until he takes his last breath, whether that is in 5 years or 50.

So while the law did not excuse the peers from punishment for their crimes, other circumstances did. It would be assumed a large fine would take care of the matter, and the lord’s fellow peers would keep their daughters away from him and likely suggest he take a long sea voyage until the matter could be forgotten. The peer would find his social circle diminished, as none wanted to have known an abductor one’s their daughters.

If, by rare chance, the girl’s family or the authorities brought charges against the peer’s ally, the girl would still be the one to suffer, for all would know the peer and the woman had been together on the road to Scotland for several nights. Her reputation would be in shreds. Over the years, some parents and guardians forced girls to marry the abductor to reduce the scandal. The distance to Scotland meant the couple had to spend a couple of nights on the road . . . approximately 5 nights from London to the Scottish border and Gretna Green. Perhaps more, depending on the weather.

It is not any privilege of peerage that would stop a trial moving forward, it is the scandal it would cause for the young woman. She would be ruined. This is one of these “fun” cases where, I might suggest, her betrothed (if she had one before the abduction) and her relatives would get to extract their own “special” punishment. Such would be a scene I might enjoy writing.

Some Interesting Sources to Pursue for Actual Cases:

Clandestine Marriages: Five tales of abduction from the 17th and 18th centuries

Elopement in Georgian England: Catherine Grierson and Thomas Thomasson (1781)

Henry Fielding’s attempted abduction of Sarah Andrew

Kidnap and Attempted Murder in the 18th Century: Viscount Valentia’s ancestry

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Letchworth, the World’s First Garden City

As those of you who follow me regularly know, I am a Pride and Prejudice fan, then you must realize I am exceedingly interested in any little bit of information that comes my way regarding Hertfordshire, the home shire of the novel’s heroine, Elizabeth Bennet. 

Letchworth was a “city” envisioned by Ebenezer Howard, who had the notion to relieve the crowded conditions of London’s slum. He was supported in his efforts by prominent Quakers and by what was known as the Arts and Crafts Movement. The idea was to provide clean industries, low-rent housing, services to the poor, a healthy country “air” environment. Howard advocated the construction of a new kind of town, summed up in his three magnets diagram as combining the advantages of cities and the countryside while eliminating their disadvantages. Industry would be kept separate from residential areas—such zoning was a new idea at the time—and trees and open spaces would prevail everywhere.

The original Letchworth was a small, ancient parish. St Mary the Virgin, the parish church, was built around the latter part of the 12th Century or early 13th Century. The village was located along the road now called Letchworth Lane, stretching from St Mary’s and the adjoining medieval manor house (now Letchworth Hall Hotel) up to the crossroads of Letchworth Lane, Hitchin Road, Baldock Road and Spring Road, where there was a post office. Letchworth was a relatively small parish, having a population in 1801 of 67, rising to 96 by 1901.

Ebenezer_Howard.jpg Along comes Sir Ebenezer Howard, OBE, who in 1898 had written a book entitled To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, which was the groundwork for Howard’s first Garden City, a utopian city in which people lived harmoniously together with nature. Other Garden Cities followed: Welwyn Garden City, also in Hertfordshire, (1920), and those in other countries, Forest Hills Gardens (in the borough of Queens, New York), designed by F. L. Olmsted, Jr. (1909), Radburn, New Jersey, (1923), and the Suburban Resettlement Programs towns of the 1930s, including Greenbelt, Maryland; Greenhills, Ohio; Greenbrook, New Jersey; Greendale, Wisconsin; and Canberra, Australia (1913). [Stern, Robert (1981). The Anglo American Suburb. London: Architectural Design Profile. pp. 84, 85.]

“According to the book the term ‘garden city’ derived from the image of a city being situated within a belt of open countryside (which would contribute significantly to food production for the population), and not, as is commonly cited, to a principle that every house in the city should have a garden.

“The concept outlined in the book is not simply one of urban planning, but also included a system of community management. For example, the Garden City project would be financed through a system that Howard called ‘Rate-Rent,’ which combined financing for community services (rates) with a return for those who had invested in the development of the city (rent). The book also advocated a rudimentary form of competitive tendering, whereby the municipality would purchase services, such as water, fuel, waste disposal, etc., from (often local) commercial providers. These systems were never fully implemented, in Letchworth, Welwyn or their numerous imitators.” [Letchworth]

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Ebenezer Howard’s “Three Magnets” diagram, 1898 Copyright status This was published in the book Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform in 1898, and so is now out of copyright. The text The text reads: THE THREE MAGNETS THE PEOPLE Where will they go? Town Closing out of nature. Social opportunity. Isolation of crowds. Places of amusement. Distance from work. High money wages. High rents & prices. Chances of employment. Excessive hours. Army of unemployed. Fogs and droughts. Costly drainage. Foul air. Murky sky. Well-lit streets. Slums & gin palaces. Palatial edifices. Country Lack of society. Beauty of nature. Hands out of work. Land lying idle. Trespassers beware. Wood, meadow, forest. Long hours, low wages. Fresh air. Low rents. Lack of drainage. Abundance of water. Lack of amusement. Bright sunshine. No public spirit. Need for reform. Crowded dwellings. Deserted villages. Town-Country Beauty of nature. Social opportunity. Fields and parks of easy access. Low rents, high wages. Low rates, plenty to do. Low prices, no sweating. Field for enterprise, flow of capital. Pure air and water, good drainage. Bright homes & gardens, no smoke, no slums. Freedom. Co-operation. http://www.spatialagency.net/database/garden.cities

A competition was held to find a town design which could translate Howard’s ideas into reality.  Richard Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin were appointed architects, and 6 square miles (16 km²) of land outside Hitchin were purchased for building. The town was divided into three zones, with industrial areas kept well away from the residential sections. In keeping with the ideals only one tree was felled during the entire initial construction phase of the town, and an area devoted to agriculture surrounding the town was included in the plan – the first “Green Belt.” Additional contests were held to secure builders for inexpensive housing, which attracted some 60,000 visitors. This had a significant impact on what we now refer to as “pre-fabricated” building techniques. It also alter the ideas regarding gardens in the yards, both floral and vegetable. The exhibitions were sponsored by the Daily Mail, and their popularity was significant in the development of that newspaper’s launching of the Ideal Home Exhibition (which has more recently become the Ideal Home Show) – the first of which took place the year after the second Cheap Cottages Exhibition.

Railways often brought sight-seers to the town, who found the social experiment both interesting and amusing. Letchworth’s founding citizens, attracted by the promise of a better life, were often caricatured by outsiders as idealistic and otherworldly. John Betjeman in his poems Group Life: Letchworth and Huxley Hall painted Letchworth people as earnest health freaks. The idea of banning pubs was often criticized, for example. 

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Spirella Building A view of this magnificent former corset factory, now a base for small businesses. To me this restoration shows how a great old building can be retained in all its glory, sympathetically modernised inside with high quality design, and thus serve a useful purpose in the twenty-first century.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letchworth#/media/File:Spirella_Building_-_geograph.org.uk_-_988178.jpg

The Spirella Company, the maker of ladies’ corsets, built a large factor close to the town’s middle in 1912. Despite its central location, the Spirella Building complements the town’s other buildings. It resembles a large country house, complete with towers and a ballroom. During WWII, the factory was also produced parachutes and decoding machines. Because corsets fell out of fashion, the factory closed in the 1980s, and was eventually refurbished and converted into offices.

Shelvoke and Drewry, a manufacturer of dustcarts and fire engines was part of Letchworth from 1922 to 1990. Hands, another of the industries found in Letchworth, manufactured axles, brakes, and Hands Trailers. Other such industries included Kryn & Lahy Steel Foundry, the Irvine’s Airchutes Parachute Factory, and British book publisher, J. M. Dent and Son. 

British Tabulating Machine Company (later International Computers Limited) was one of the largest employers in the area, with over 30 factory sites along Icknield Way and the surrounding area. 

Other Resources:

Letchworth, England (Britannica)

Letchworth Garden City: Heritage Foundation

Re-Imagining the Garden City 

Spatial Agency: Letchworth Garden City 

 

 

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Colonel Matthew Locke, an Advocate for Universal Manhood Suffrage

On Friday, May 19, I presented you with the celebration of the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence. On Monday, May 22, I included an article on Captain James Jack, who was not as famous as Paul Revere, but just as heroic. Today, I have another Revolutionary War hero: Colonel Matthew Locke. 

300px-Locke-1591.jpg Colonel Matthew Locke was a Revolutionary War leader, as well as a member of Congress, who just happened to have been born in Northern Ireland. Like many in the present day North Carolina, Locke’s ancestors first settled in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. A few years after his father died, his mother married a man by the name of John Brandon and moved to Anson County, North Carolina. Anson is the next county over from I live outside of Charlotte, and I can tell you there is LOTS of history to found in this area. Later, around 1752, the Brandons moved to Grants Creek, which was part of Mecklenburg County at that time, but is now part of Rowan County, North Carolina. 

Meanwhile, Matthew Locke purchased some 200 acres near his mother and step-father’s residence, where he began a trading business. Matthew and his brother Francis set up a trade line, including skins from the backcountry of Charles Town, South Carolina, and goods produced by the North Carolina Moravian settlements. He and his brother became quite wealthy in this venture. 

Locke’s first foray into public life came during the Regulator uprising. The Regulator Movement was a rebellion started by the backcountry (inland regions) residents of North Carolina (basically the western counties – those backing against the mountain range separating them from present day Tennessee – remember, at one time, North Carolina territory went as far west as the current day Nashville, Tennessee). These dissidents believed the royal government mistreated them by falsifying records and imposing excessive fees. The less productive land of the western mountain ranges were taxed at the same rate as the rich coastal plain. These inland residents wished to “regulate” their own affairs. Although the Regulator Movement began with protests, eventually violence was involved. 

Locke became involved when the officers of Rowan County appointed Locke as one of four men to meet with the Regulators’ contingent to attempt to come to some sort of agreement. Through sometimes heated negotiations, Locke’s committee agreed to repay any unlawful fees to those bringing suit. Liking the taste of public office, Locke became a member of the colonial Assembly in 1771, where he served until 1775. 

During the Revolutionary War period, Locke joined the Patriot cause. He was named to Rowan County’s first Committee of Safety. The purpose of the Committees of Safety were to enforce the Continental Association banning all trade with Great Britain. These committees had the endorsement of the Second Provincial Congress of North Carolina and the North Carolina Assembly. They existed in late 1774 and early 1775. These committees oversaw military preparations, the control of the price of select items, especially those needed for war efforts, and the sell of seized imported goods. They also were involved in the return of slaves, punishment for those who went against the Continental Association’s dictates, and even regulated public morals. The Wilmington-New Hanover Committee of Safety managed to run then Governor Josiah Martin out of office, causing him to first seek refuge at Fort Johnston on the Cape Fear River and then on the British warship Cruizer. The Committees of Safety were replaced by the Third Provincial Congress of North Carolina in August 1775. 

Matthew Locke was a delegate to the Third Provincial Congress. He was active in the financing of the case for liberty. He also saw to the militia stationed throughout North Carolina. Locke made the arrangements for governing the colony in Governor Josiah Martin’s abrupt absence until Governor Richard Caswell took over the office. 

Later, Locke was a member of the Fourth Provincial Congress (April 1776). This time the group met at Halifax. Out of their sometimes heated discussions came the Halifax Resolves, which was the first official action by one of British colonies calling for a break with Great Britain and the independence of all the colonies. 83 delegates to the Provincial Congress ratified the Resolves. They were then sent to the North Carolina delegation for the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia. The Halifax Resolves served as the first call for action against Britain. Virginia followed with their own recommendations to the Continental Congress. These led to Thomas Jefferson’s penning The Declaration of Independence.

Locke then became involved with a group probing the activities of those not supporting a break from Great Britain. Reportedly, Locke led the arrest of John Dunn, the founder of Salisbury, and Benjamin Booth, both of whom were suspected of treason, because early on they had signed a document pledging loyalty to the King. 

queens-university-of-charlotte_8790753498_o.jpgCarolina’s first state constitution was drafted. He was in charge of the militia pay of six frontier counties. He procured supplies for the Continental Army. He served in the North Carolina House of Commons on and off from 1777 to 1793. He was known to support universal manhood suffrage, an idea to remove owning property as a right to vote and holding office, in other words, removing the stipulation of ownership of 50 acres of property or the payment of taxes as a prerequisite to vote. He also supported the endowment of Queen’s Museum (later Queen’s College and now Queen’s University) in Charlotte, which is considered the first institution of higher learning in North Carolina. [Just as a side note, my daughter-in-law earned her masters degree at Queens, and my son was an assistant track and cross country coach at the college. It is still a vibrant piece of Charlotte’s history.] In the vote to ratify the U. S. Constitution, Locke took a stand for the new country’s many farmers, who could not afford an expensive, nor oppressive, government. 

In 1793, Locke replace the unpopular Josh Steele, a Federalist, as the congressman for the Salisbury district. He was considered “the honest farmer” and took a leading role in the concept of Jeffersonian democracy in North Carolina. He remained in the NC House of Representatives until 1800, to another Federalist, Archibald Henderson. He died in 1801. 

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Gen Matthew Locke BIRTH 1730 Ireland DEATH 7 Sep 1801 (aged 70–71) Mill Bridge, Rowan County, North Carolina, USA BURIAL Thyatira Presbyterian Church Cemetery Mill Bridge, Rowan County, North Carolina, USA ~ https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8078741/matthew-locke

Following Locke’s death, an obituary in the Raleigh Register edited by Joseph Gales, a staunch Jeffersonian, bemoaned the passing and called him a “friend and fixed Republican” who had “served his state admirably in Congress.” He was buried in Thyatira Presbyterian Church cemetery in Rowan County.

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