Excerpt from “The Great Road to Understanding: A Pride and Prejudice Vagary”

I am currently writing three novels at the same time. Two are set in the Regency period, but one is a sequel to my next Regency title, while the other is a Pride and Prejudice Vagary. I’ll share excerpts from those over the next few weeks. Today, I’m giving you a taste of another Pride and Prejudice Vagary; this one is set in the 1790s along the wilderness of State of Franklin. (Yes, there was truly a state called “Franklin” for five years.) These counties constituting Franklin are now part of the eastern counties of Tennessee. The title of the book is “The Great Road to Understanding,” for the passage from Roanoke, Virginia, to the Southwest Territory was known as the Great Valley Road. Our “characters” are the same (sort of). Read on and you’ll understand. 

The Great Road to Understanding: A Pride and Prejudice Vagary

©Regina Jeffers 2016

Chapter One

State_of_Franklin“There it is,” he mumbled under his breath. “My future.”

Darius Fitzwilliam crossed the wooden walkway to make his way along the path leading to the large whitewashed house near the Congregational church. Darius could not recall the last time he attended a church service in an actual house of worship. It was difficult to discover a proper minister of the western side of the mountain range separating North Carolina from Lesser Franklin. Generally speaking people either spent time in reading their Bibles alone or with a few close neighbors, although “close neighbors” were still hard to come by where he called “home.” One of the things Darius hoped to accomplish with this return to civilization was to employ a ministerial student or graduate to accompany him west.

He paused as the house came into sight. It had been more than two years since he called upon his betrothed. Needless to say, he wrote to Caroline as often as his duties to his father’s land permitted. Darius wondered how much Caroline Bradford changed with their separation. He couldn’t say he held Caroline in deep affection, but Darius knew the woman a fine lady, and it was time for him to claim a bride and set up his family homestead. Moreover, he assumed affection would come with their marriage and living together.

Darius studied the well-groomed lawn with a large oak shading the house’ entrance A rope swing hanged from one of the limbs, and he couldn’t help but recall how Caroline’s brother and Darius taunted her and her elder sister Louisa upon a summer’s night.

“Before Charlie lost his hand in the war against the British.”

Charlie and Darius followed Washington through more years than either of them cared to mention.

Darius’ eyes scanned the pristine lawn again before he set his steps for his future.

“Nothin’ like the rolling hills and endless forests of my father’s land,” Darius murmured. “My land too.”

He’d already cleared several acres and began a proper house for his bride. Before arriving in town, Darius spoke to a man about a pair of oxen and a small wagon, more for Charlie’s use than his. It was not as if Caroline and he could share a wagon with her brother on their return to Darius’ land.

With a sigh of resignation, he climbed the three steps leading to the main door of Wade Heywood’s home to release the knocker. Caroline resided with her older sister, Mrs. Louisa Heywood. At one time Caroline thought to keep house for her brother Charles, but after Charlie’s injury, Darius’ friend no longer held a desire to settle down among the civilized sort. Darius suspected Charlie thought himself less of a man and couldn’t bear the possibility of censure.

“Yes, Sir?”

Darius cleared his throat. “Mr. Fitzwilliam for Miss Bradford.”

The maid, who responded to his summons, appeared confused. “Mrs. Bradford be not within, Sir.”

It was Darius’ turn to know bewilderment. During the winter months, he sent Caroline a letter, which chronicled his travel itinerary, explaining to her that he would arrive the first week of August for their nuptials. Although he didn’t expect her to sit at home and wait for his appearance, Darius knew disappointment at her absence from the house.

“May I speak to either Mr. or Mrs. Heywood?”

The girl glanced over her shoulder to the interior rooms. “You’d best come in, Sir. I’ll sees who might be to speaking to yeh.”

Not even accepting his hat, she left him biding his time in the open hall. Darius felt quite conspicuous in his “Sunday best.” In Lesser Franklin, he wore buckskin and heavy work clothes, but he thought his appearance before his betrothed required more formal attire.

“Mr. Fitzwilliam?”

Darius looked up to note Mr. Heywood’s descent from the storey above.

“What brings you to Fincastle?”

The man paused on the stairs to await Darius’ response.

“I wrote Miss Bradford of my arrival. Did Caroline not share our plans with her family?”

“What plans would those be?” Heywood asked with a frown of disapproval.

“I came to Virginia to claim my bride,” Darius said in what rang of the trepidation now claiming his heart.

A look of disbelief crossed Heywood’s features.

“I suspect there’s some sort of misunderstanding. You should follow me, and we’ll address your questions to Mrs. Heywood. She holds a better idea of Caroline’s whims than do I.”

Darius did not like the sound of Heywood’s assertions, nor of the word “whims,” but he followed the man, nonetheless.

Locating his wife in a small sitting room, Heywood bustled Darius to a seat before explaining Darius’ situation to Mrs. Heywood.

“When was the last time you heard from Caroline?” Mrs. Heywood asked in a nervous manner.

“Some ten months,” Darius admitted, “but that be not unusual. Someone must make the trek to Jonesborough to claim mail.”

“I see,” the woman said tentatively. “I suppose there is no other means but to reach the point, Mr. Fitzwilliam. Our Caroline married Colonel Fidera some seven months back. My sister and the colonel have a house in Richmond.”

The woman’s news made no sense. Certainly, Darius would accept Miss Bradford’s change of heart, but did he not deserve an explanation from the lady’s lips? A farewell?

“Charlie knows nothing of Miss Bradford’s decision,” Darius stated lamely.

Surely Charlie would not permit him to act the role of fool if his friend was aware of this change.

“You know something of Caroline’s nature,” Heywood countered. “When our sister met Fidera, she set her sights upon the colonel. If she didn’t reside under the same roof as us, I doubt we would hold knowledge of their courtship.”

Mrs. Heywood added, “It was a speedy affair…barely a month of courtship.”

Darius rose awkwardly to his feet. “I must be going,” he said in poor excuse. “Charlie awaits my return near Evansham. It’ll be a surprise for Charlie to learn of his sister’s marriage to another. I image he’ll think it quite the thing.” Darius reached for his hat. “When you next write to Mrs. Fidera, please send my warmest regards.”

Mrs. Heywood rose quickly. “Will you not say for supper, Mr. Fitzwilliam? There’s no need for you to rush away. We’d enjoy hearing more of our brother.”

Darius wished to be long away from this most unexpected conversation. Without forethought, he reached into his pocket to withdraw a letter. “Charlie dictated what he wished you to know of his life on the western front. I’m certain you’ll find it informative.” With a clearing of his throat, Darius made his farewells, and before Heywood could respond, Darius made his departure.

Once again outside, he turned his steps toward the outskirts of town rather than the direction of the room he let for the night.

Darius wasn’t certain how he felt about what just occurred. Last evening as he fell asleep under the stars, he thought long and hard upon the fact his days as a free man were numbered. He would admit that he wasn’t best pleased with the idea of holding himself accountable to anyone but his revered father; yet, he understood God’s commandment to populate the world meant that men and women must join. Darius was well aware that America’s hope of becoming a great country rested with men like him, who were willing to work for prosperity and family.

Even so, his pride grimaced with the thought of the folly of appearing upon Caroline Bradford’s threshold only to be sent packing by his so-called betrothed’s relations.

“Should I be incensed?” Darius asked as he paused to lean against a large oak. “Odd, but I’m not.”

“Did I tarry too long? Certainly I might’ve returned last summer, but I wished to have the beginnings of a house built before claiming a bride.”
Darius gave a lift of shoulders in resignation. “I suppose Caroline became weary of waitin’ for my return. Or, mayhap, she’d grown too soft to face frontier life and didn’t have the nerve to speak her qualms.”

He gave a disbelieving shake to his head. Scrubbing his dry hands across his cheeks, Darius attempted to bring forth an image of Caroline, but he no longer could recall the bits of Caroline’s countenance that initially drew his attention to the woman. It was expected that he claim one of the two Bradford sisters, and Darius did his best to develop an affection for Caroline when Louisa married Heywood.

“What is the shape of her lips or the true color of her eyes?” he wondered aloud. Darius smiled with hard determination. “How can I blame Miss Bradford for her desertion when neither my body or my heart wished the connection? I acted from duty to my family name. I just wish Caroline was honest enough to admit the life I chose wasn’t to her liking.”

He glanced toward the town’s outline.

“I shan’t be stayin’ more than another day. No sense in keeping Charlie waiting. Will he not be surprised with my early return and his sister’s absence? I can hear him now, offerin’ apologies and excuses. But there’s nothin’ to be said on the matter. I’m free to seek companionship elsewhere, not that there are many women from which to choose in the wilderness, but if’n I come across one that suits my fancy, I’m no longer obliged to another.”

* * *

Eliza Benfield held her father’s arm tightly: They were in a part of the country of which she knew little, and for a change, she practiced discretion.

“Pardon me, Sir,” Mr. Benfield said as they approached a tow-headed man whose hair displayed the signs of long hours in the sun. “I’m seeking the acquaintance of two gentlemen from the Southwest counties.”

The man looked up and grinned widely. Eliza thought his the most congenial smile she’d ever encountered.

“I suppose that be me, but I don’t count myself a gentleman, not in the strictest sense of the word. I be a frontiersman who knows his Bible teaching. My name’s Charles Bradford. How may I be of assistance, Sir?”

Her father stretched out his hand in greeting. It was only then that Eliza noticed the man’s missing hand.

Mr. Bradford shrugged his shoulders in what appeared to be embarrassment. “A gift from good King George,” he said in explanation. “I beg your pardon.”

Mr. Benfield shook off Bradford’s apology. “No need, Son. I’m proud to claim the acquaintance of those who served our fledgling country.”

A flush of color claimed Bradford’s cheeks, but Eliza noted how the man stood straighter.

“I’ve learnt to do many things with the left one. Now, what business do you claim, Sir?”

Her father cleared his throat before confessing their purpose.

“My name is Thomas Benfield, and this be my daughter Eliza. We heard two men from the Southwest Territory meant to set out soon for Jonesborough. We hoped to join them as far as the Salt Lick. Perhaps we can find another group of settlers to continue the journey through the Cumberland Gap from there.”

Bradford nodded his greeting to Eliza while her father made his explanation.

“Where ye from, Benfield?” the man asked.

“Up near the Maryland–Virginia border. My wife and daughters and I mean to claim land in the valleys in Kentucky County. I hear land be available for less than a dollar an acre.”

“Hears the same,” Bradford assured. “Don’tcha have no sons?”

Her father patted the back of Eliza’s hand.

“My girls be strong enough to survive the trek if that be yer concern, Mr. Bradford.”

“I’m just asking what I know my partner Mr. Fitzwilliam will ask. The journey be difficult even for sturdy men.”

Eliza straightened her spine to appear taller than she was.

“My sisters Jane and Mary can handle a team of oxen as well as any man, and I’m not afeared of a long walk.”

Bradford smiled kindly upon her.

“I’ve no doubt, Ma’am. As for me, yer welcome to join up with us. Fitz means to see several settlers to the mountain territory, but I’m certain he’ll not object to add a few more to our party.”

“Where’s Mr. Fitzwilliam?” Eliza inquired.

“To the east in Fincastle,” Bradford said with a smile of amusement. “Plans to get himself hitched to my youngest sister.”

“And you will not attend the wedding?” Eliza asked.

It appeared odd to her that both men wouldn’t retrieve the lady.

“Nah,” Bradford said with a shrug. “I left home at eighteen to join General Washington. My father’s house no longer exists. Only been home once since leaving Virginy. Wade Heywood bought the land when my father passed, and he married my eldest sister, Louisa. There’s nothing for me there. My sister’s neighbors recall a whole man and look upon me as if I’m a derelict. I prefer the wilderness where a man be judged for what he accomplishes, not for his failures. My father left me a small legacy, and I mean to earn my fortune upon the frontier.

“Fitz will escort several families west to join up with us. He and Caroline will share a small wagon until we meet up again, and then I’ll claim the smaller one and permit Fitz the larger. There’s no need for a man without a wife to hold back those who do. Moreover, I consider myself fortunate to claim Fitz to friend. Most wouldn’t consider my needs in such a matter.

“Even so, it’ll be good to have Caroline close. Of late, I find I’m missin’ much of my Virginia roots. We moved there from where we first settled in New York.The winter in the mountains reminds me of both my homes.”

“It sounds as if you’ve found yourself a friend with principles,” her father observed.

“The best,” Bradford declared. “If not for Fitz, I’d be dead in some unmarked cornfield posing as a battleground.”

Her father nudged Eliza closer when two unsavory-looking men passed them.

“When do you expect to depart?” her father asked.

“Three to four days. A week tops if’n we get rain. Can you be prepared by then?”

“Absolutely,” her father declared. “Gives us time to restock some of our supplies. We’ll be prepared to leave when you and Mr. Fitzwilliam make the call.”

* * *

Watching the McClendons cuddle together upon the wagon seat did little to ease Darius’s bruised pride. The couple professed sorrow at not taking Caroline’s acquaintance for Darius spoke of his betrothed to the pair, before he’d ridden to Fincastle. From his own observation, he didn’t think the McClendons would even know of Caroline’s absence if he’d not informed them of it. Married only a few months, they were rarely seen not holding hands.

In truth, the scene fueled Darius’ anger. He couldn’t say he would be so openly affectionate with Caroline as were Ronnie and Marti McClendon, but he’d convinced himself he and Miss Bradford would know contentment.

“Much longer?” Geoffrey Winston asked as he brought his horse alongside the one Darius rode.

Darius wasn’t much pleased to add Winston to their party, but he’d possessed no legitimate excuse to deny the man. Winston served for a time in the same troop, as did Darius during the war–that is, until their commanding officer drove Winston from their lot. The man had run up a sizeable gaming debt, a vice of which Colonel Whitmore, who was a Bible thumper, didn’t approve. Moreover, there were rumors of Winston’s ruining two young ladies in the homes in which Whitmore billeted his troops. But Darius and Winston held a more troubled past than their short time together during the war.

Darius couldn’t prove Winston’s debauchery, and he hoped if there was some truth in the rumors that the man learned something of what was important in life in the years since. They were all green youths in the early years of the war, and despite all that had happened between his family and Winston’s, Darius fondly remembered a young boy who was a childhood friend. He and Charlie certainly had changed; they were no longer those idealistic youths who risked it all for a cause. They still held their values, but after tasting war, they’d preferred the quiet of a mountain stream. What passed for society in the East no longer held a lantern to the freedom they’d learned to cherish in the wilderness of the western counties.

“Be in Evansham by this time tomorrow. It’ll take at least two days to bring the group together. Hope to set out for the Southwest Territory by week’s end. The others might wish to stay for one last Sunday service before leaving the closest thing to civilization this side of the mountains.”

“In that case, I might ride over North Carolina way for a day or two,” Winston said. “I’ve relations that direction.”

Darius warned, “Can’t wait for your return if’n the others mean to claim dry weather.”

“No worries,” Winston said with a grin. “I travel light. If you leave, I’ll follow in a day or two. I’m certain several of those waiting for you are well loaded with supplies. You’ll not make as good a time when you add another half dozen wagons to these three.”

“Will the boy come with us?”

Darius glanced back at the small ox cart owned by Winston. The fellow had won a Negro child, an ox, and a half wagon in a card game. The boy of no more than ten to twelve years drove the slow moving cart holding Winston’s few belongings and a chest of which Darius had yet to see the contents.

“Finny will stay with the cart to Evansham and beyond if’n you leave before I return. It’ll be my contract with you. Everything I own be on that cart. I shan’t forget to make an appearance.”

Darius couldn’t shake the feeling that Winston would cause trouble, but he supposed he could leave the man at one of the forts or settlements they would pass if that proved true. If the worse came, he could send Winston out on his own.

“Before you set out for greener lands, I must reiterate that what occurred between my family and yours is in the past – between our fathers. But know, I won’t tolerate your gaming on this journey for more than a few pebbles. The families that travel with me are under my protection. Do I make myself clear? I’m well aware of what Whitmore accused you back in New York. I pray the colonel was wrong about you, but if he wasn’t just know I’m of the same hard nose as Whitmore in such matters.”

“I’d expect nothin’ less, Captain,” Winston declared in what sounded of sincerity, but Darius couldn’t shake the unease tugging at his chest.

* * *

“Fitz!” Charlie called as Darius reigned in his horse before the barn in which he and Charlie claimed a straw bed as cover each night.

“Evening,” Darius said with a grin as he swung his leg over the saddle to dismount. “Everything go well?”

“Absolutely,” Charlie said in distraction as he looked past Darius’ shoulder to the three wagons rolling to a stop before the barn. “My sister within one of the wagons?”

Charlie squinted into the late day sunshine.

“Fear not,” Darius said softly. “Miss Bradford chose not to join us.”

Charlie looked upon Darius in obvious confusion.

“What mean you by ‘chose not to join us’? It was always the plan for you to marry my sister and us to take up homesteading together.”

Darius attempted to hide his continued aggravation with the situation.

“Plans change: Miss Bradford married another some seven months back. She is now Colonel Mrs. Fidera and residing in Richmond.”

Charlie’s expression took on an incensed look.

“Without even as so much as a fare-the-well?”

“Mr. and Mrs. Heywood seemed to think Mrs. Fidera sent me her regrets,” Darius explained.

He didn’t enjoy the discussion of Miss Bradford’s betrayal for Darius feared it would leave a wedge between him and Charlie. They’d been friends since they were no more six, and Darius would be sore to lose Charlie’s loyalty.

“What’s done cannot be undone,” he said in sympathy for Darius recognized the conflicted expression on Charlie’s countenance. His friend also held a loyalty to both his youngest sister and to him. “Miss Bradford chose a life that best fits her needs. I cannot fault Caroline.”

“If’n yer certain,” Charlie said in a tone that spoke of doubt. “I’d not want Caroline’s notions to set our friendship off foot.”

Darius slapped Charlie upon the shoulder in camaraderie. “We remain as we’ve been for some two decades,” he assured his friend. “Another woman will eventually claim my attentions. Until then we’ll build ourselves a welcoming homestead.”

“Mayhap I’ll find me a woman before you,” Charlie teased.

“That would please me as much as finding someone of my own,” Darius declared as he loosened Jinx’s bridle.

“Any takers for the settlement? We could use some unmarried ladies in the west.”

Charlie propped a leg against the side of the barn to oversee Darius’ efforts.

“One young one came to speak to me three days prior.”

Darius looked at his friend in compassionate amusement. “Pretty?” he asked.

Charlie rarely spoke of women. Since his injury, Darius’ friend seemed to think women would judge him half a man. Darius couldn’t recall the last time Charlie showed interest in any woman.

“Fair enough,” Charlie taunted. “She and her pa, a Mr. Benfield, asked about going with us as far as the turn off for the Cumberland Gap; they be going on into Kentucky County.”

“Then ye better work fast,” Darius suggested with a broad smile.

“Supposedly there be more than one daughter,” Charlie explained. “And the MacCaffeys have two daughters, one of age and one maybe a year removed.”

Darius grinned at his friend. “Should I not grieve your sister’s loss for a few weeks?”

Charlie shoved off the barn to set his steps in the direction of the two wagons and the cart. Darius had no doubt Charlie would make certain the newcomers were properly settled.

“I sees no reason to grieve for something you never had. Caroline’s bed be made elsewhere. Neither of us have a foot in the grave. We’ve a lot of livin’ to do.”

Darius watched his friend greet the McClendons, Mr. and Mrs. Wilkerson, and Finny. There was a quickness to Charlie’s step, which Darius thought long missing. He prayed Miss Benfield would be kind to his friend. Even if she held no interest in Charlie, Darius hoped the woman wouldn’t find Charlie’s injury repulsive.

* * *

He wasn’t long to wonder on Charlie’s improvement. Early the next morning, the Benfields called upon Darius.

“Heard of your return,” Benfield explained after Charlie made the introductions. “Wanted to make certain you held no objections to my family joining your party.”

There was little Darius could say since Charlie approved of the family joining them. He could tolerate a gaggle of females if it meant Charlie’s doldrums disappeared.

“As long as your womenfolk can keep up with the rigors of the trail,” Darius began.

“Why shouldn’t we? It’s not as if walking long stretches is a man’s domain.”

Darius eyes finally settled upon the woman, and despite recognizing Charlie’s interest in the lady, Darius’ body reacted to her appearance: Fine boned, but not fragile of frame. Eyes that changed from green to muddy brown as she spoke with emotion. Skin tanned from the sun. Hair kissed by flakes of fire. Certainly not a woman of which Darius’ betrothed would approve as a replacement or a suitable match for her only brother.

“I meant no offense, Ma’am,” he said distractedly.

“Never mind our Eliza,” Mrs. Benfield placated. “She’s never learned her place or how to hold her tongue.”

In spite of first impressions, Darius studied the girl as Charlie assumed control of the conversation with her parents. She wasn’t the type that would customarily catch his eye, but Darius was hard pressed to conceal his interest. If they were back in England, like when he was at Cambridge, he’d address her as “Miss Eliza” for he learned she possessed an elder sister. But in America, if they were familiar, she was simply Eliza.

Nonetheless, Darius suspected there was nothing simple about the woman. Somehow, he thought the shortened name without the form of address just didn’t suit her. Even with her protests of being able to hold her own on the journey, the woman was as regal in the tilt of her head as any member of the monarchy.

“Do you ever go by Elizabeth?” he asked in a soft tone.

In his opinion, the idea of the “warrior” queen fit the woman who stood before him.

As if she read his mind, she asserted, “I’m not named for an English queen.” Her nose curled up in distaste.

Darius’ lips turned upward. He understood perfectly what had attracted Charlie to the woman. The thought of his friend’s attraction for Miss Eliza had Darius bringing his own desire under control.

“You assume I mean you harm. Perhaps it’s better we keep our connection minimal. It appears I cannot speak kindly without your accusing me of disdain.”

His words evidently shocked her for Eliza Benfield turned several shades of red before huffing her disapproval and following her parents toward the open barn door.

Despite his warning not to intrude upon Charlie’s supposed courtship, Darius couldn’t withdraw his eyes from the gentle sway of the lady’s hips as she walked smartly away. He memorized the way she straightened her shoulders, shoulders that held no sign of the practiced façade of gentility in them. The woman walked as if she owned the barn in which he stood–walked as if she wasn’t afeared of work, a fact that would prove to her benefit upon the wilderness frontier. She was without a false shell often found in society ladies.

Although he set his mind to ignoring her, Darius’ smile widened. Eliza Benfield would make the journey over the mountains interesting. Of that, he held no doubt.

Posted in America, American History, British history, Great Britain, Jane Austen, Regency era | Tagged , , , , , | 19 Comments

Libations and Treats: Regency Era and Beyond

Beer Casks and Tilting: A stillage is like a pallet or skid but with a cage or sides or some form of support specifically tailored to the material it is intended to carry. Some are designed to be stackable. Oxford Dictionary says: “Stillage” is a wooden rack or pallet for holding stored goods off the floor or separating goods in transit. The word comes to us from the late 16th Century (originally denoting a stand for casks): apparently from Dutch stellagie ‘scaffold,’ from stellen ‘to place.’

Stillages are mainly used to transport goods without the need to load and unload the product being carried, which saves time and decreases the chance of damage. An example is the use of stillages in the glass industry, where they are shaped like an upright “A”; the glass leans inward and is strapped to the stillage ready for transport.

A stillage is any device on which a cask of ale is placed for service.
Unlike kegs, which can be simply stood upright on the floor, casks are used lying on their sides. This allows the beer to run from the tap under gravity, with room in the “belly” of the cask below the outlet for the finings to collect. The shive with the spile will then be the highest point on the cask. As the beer clears (see finings), the inside of the cask becomes coated with sediment. It is important that the stillage holds the cask absolutely still with no rocking or shaking, otherwise the sediment will be shaken into suspension and the beer will be cloudy.

A stillage need not be complicated – anything that will support a cask (preferably on three points to avoid any wobbling) will do. At temporary events, sturdy tables or frames made of scaffolding and planks might be used, with the casks placed on wooden wedges (two at the front, one at the back). At the other end of the scale, many pub cellars use specially-made steel racking, often with two rows of casks one above the other. Some pubs have brick or stone stillages, sometimes quite ancient, built into the wall of the cellar.

As the cask empties, it needs to be gently tilted to obtain the last of the beer. With wooden wedges, moving the rear wedge forward will achieve this; purpose-built metal units often have springs incorporated that automatically tilt the cask as it becomes lighter. This requires less effort from bar staff, and also helps beer quality – the lift is so smooth and gradual that there is no danger of stirring up the lees and making the beer cloudy.

Tea: Until the Victorian era, people blended their own tea at home. Often this was within the housekeeper’s duties. Each tea was stored in a tea chest, with many compartments to keep the teas separate. The chests were equipped with a heavy lock, as the tea was expensive. Afternoon tea was generally served between three and six of the clock. Those closer to three of the clock sported a lighter fare of food. High tea, with heavier selections of food, was closer to six. High tea was never meant to be a “fashionable” event. The practice came from the workers returning home from their jobs at five or six. As was customary, dinner was served between seven and eight of the clock. The “high tea” was a quick meal for the very hungry workers. Housekeepers mixed cheaper tea leaves, usually those known as Common Bohea or Common green leaves, being mixed with more expensive teas: Hyson, Congo, and Gunpowder.

Tea Adulteration: “New tea” was often sold in the marketplace. Estimates say 1500 pounds of “new tea” was processed each week in 19th Century London. Servants and the poor working class often sold used tea leaves to tea vendors. The old leaves were redried on heated plates and redyed. A dye containing copper brought back the green tones to the leaves. Logwood would be used to restore the color to black teas. This recycled black tea leaves were known as “smouch” and were often sold to the lower classes.

Lemon syllabub | BBC Good Food www.bbcgoodfood.com

Lemon syllabub | BBC Good Food
http://www.bbcgoodfood.com

Syllabub (also sillabub, sillibub) is a traditional English dessert, popular from the 16th to the 19th century. It is usually made from rich milk or cream seasoned with sugar and lightly curdled with wine. Mrs Beeton (1861) gives two recipes. One author’s recipe says to mix the other ingredients together in a large bowl, “place the bowl under the cow, and milk it full.” The recipe can be traced back to the time of the Tudor Dynasty. In its early variations, syllabub was a drink made of new milk and cider, with the cows milked directly into an ale pot. A variation, known as an Everlasting Syllabub, allows for the cream to rise and thicken by letting it stand for several days.

imagesWine: The Writer’s Guide to Everyday Life in Regency and Victorian England (page 28) lists the Average Wine Prices in 1804 (per dozen bottles [in shillings]) as
Superior Old Port 38 shillings
Prime Old Sherry 42 shillings
Prime Madeira 63 shillings
Superior Claret 70 shillings
Old Jamaica Rum 15 shillings
Holland’s Geneva 10 shillings
Cognac Brandy 20 shillings per gallon

The middle classes drank port, sherry, and Madeira, brown brandy, and gin in place of the expensive wines.

It is possible that distillation was practised by the Babylonians in Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium BC, with perfumes and aromatics being distilled, but this is subject to uncertain and disputable interpretation of evidence. The earliest certain chemical distillations were by Greeks in Alexandria in about the 3rd century AD, but these were not distillations of alcohol. The medieval Arabs adopted the distillation technique of the Alexandrian Greeks, and written records in Arabic begin in the 9th century, but again these were not distillations of alcohol. Distilling technology passed from the medieval Arabs to the medieval Latins, with the earliest records in Latin in the early 12th century. The earliest records of the distillation of alcohol are in Italy in the 13th century, where alcohol was distilled from wine. An early description of the technique was given by Ramon Llull (1232 – 1315). Its use spread through medieval monasteries, largely for medicinal purposes, such as the treatment of colic and smallpox.

The art of distillation spread to Ireland and Scotland no later than the 15th century, as did the common European practice of distilling ‘Aqua Vitae’ or spirit alcohol primarily for medicinal purposes. The practice of medicinal distillation eventually passed from a monastic setting to the secular via professional medical practitioners of the time, The Guild of Surgeon Barbers. The first confirmed written record of whisky comes from 1405 in Ireland. In the Irish Annals of Clonmacnoise in 1405, the first written record of whisky attributes the death of a chieftain to “taking a surfeit of aqua vitae” at Christmas.

In Scotland, the first evidence of whisky production comes from an entry in the Exchequer Rolls for 1494 where malt is sent “To Friar John Cor, by order of the king, to make aquavitae,” enough to make about 500 bottles.

James IV of Scotland (r. 1488–1513) reportedly had a great liking for Scotch whisky, and in 1506 the town of Dundee purchased a large amount of whisky from the Guild of Surgeon Barbers, which held the monopoly on production at the time. Between 1536 and 1541, King Henry VIII of England dissolved the monasteries, sending their monks out into the general public. Whisky production moved out of a monastic setting and into personal homes and farms as newly independent monks needed to find a way to earn money for themselves.

The distillation process was still in its infancy; whisky itself was not allowed to age, and as a result tasted very raw and brutal compared to today’s versions. Renaissance-era whisky was also very potent and not diluted. Over time whisky evolved into a much smoother drink.

With a licence to distil Irish whiskey from 1608, the Old Bushmills Distillery in the north coast of Ireland is the oldest licenced whiskey distillery in the world. In 1707, the Acts of Union merged England and Scotland, and thereafter taxes on it rose dramatically.

After the English Malt Tax of 1725, most of Scotland’s distillation was either shut down or forced underground. Scotch whisky was hidden under altars, in coffins, and in any available space to avoid the governmental Excisemen. Scottish distillers, operating out of homemade stills, took to distilling whisky at night when the darkness hid the smoke from the stills. For this reason, the drink became known as moonshine. At one point, it was estimated that over half of Scotland’s whisky output was illegal.

In America, whisky was used as currency during the American Revolution. It also was a highly coveted sundry and when an additional excise tax was levied against it, the Whiskey Rebellion erupted in 1791.

In 1823, the UK passed the Excise Act, legalizing the distillation (for a fee), and this put a practical end to the large-scale production of Scottish moonshine.

In 1831, Aeneas Coffey patented the Coffey still, allowing for cheaper and more efficient distillation of whisky. In 1850, Andrew Usher began producing a blended whisky that mixed traditional pot still whisky with that from the new Coffey still. The new distillation method was scoffed at by some Irish distillers, who clung to their traditional pot stills. Many Irish contended that the new product was, in fact, not whisky at all.

By the 1880s, the French brandy industry was devastated by the phylloxera pest that ruined much of the grape crop; as a result, whisky became the primary liquor in many markets.

During the Prohibition era in the United States lasting from 1920 to 1933, all alcohol sales were banned in the country. The federal government made an exemption for whisky prescribed by a doctor and sold through licensed pharmacies. During this time, the Walgreens pharmacy chain grew from 20 retail stores to almost 400.

Posted in British history | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , | 4 Comments

Scandal: Ingrid Bergman’s Fall From Movie Royalty

 Tell me, do you recall the extramarital affair with nearly destroyed Ingrid Bergman’s career? What do you think of how this affair shook out? Does it change how you feel about the actress? Leave your comments below.

Bergman had once played the role of “Joan of Arc,” and in the court of public opinion she was “burned at the stake” for the scandal of her infidelity: Ingrid Bergman, wife and mother and beloved movie star, had begun an affair with the Italian avant-garde film director Roberto Rossellini, who was also married at the time.

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Swedish-born Bergman had a married Petter Lindstrom, a much older dentist-turned-neurosurgeon, and had had a child, a daughter named Pia. She had attracted notice in several Swedish films, and David O. Selznick, the producer of Gone with the Wind, had flown to Sweden to bring Bergman to Hollywood to co-star with Leslie Howard in Intermezzo. (The Hairpin) Selznick assumed control of Bergman’s career, casting her in a series of box-office hits: Casablanca (1942); For Whom the Bells Toll (1943); Gaslight (1944), for which she won an Oscar; and Spellbound and The Bells of St. Mary’s (1945). In America, through her films, Bergman earned the reputation of the “virginal, good girl.”

After seeing Open City and prompted by Irene Selznick, “in the late ’40s, Bergman wrote an adorable letter to Italian Neo-Realist director Roberto Rossellini – a man known for womanizing…and wearing sunglasses when most people in America were still squinting into the sun.

“Dear Roberto, I saw your films Open City and Paisan, and enjoyed them very much. If you need a Swedish actress who speaks English very well, who has not forgotten her German, who is not very understandable in French, and who in Italian knows only “ti amo,” I am read to come and make a film with you. – Ingrid Bergman” (The Hairpin)

Rossellini cabled her: “I just received with great emotion your letter which happens to arrive on the anniversary of my birthday as the most precious gift. It is absolutely true that I dreamed to make a film with you…” (Memories, February/March 1989) Bergman and Rossellini met in Paris in 1948 to speak on her starring in Stromboli, the first of seven ill-fated films the pair would make together.

Ingrid Bergman at 100: When a Star Fell From Heaven - Biography.com www.biography.com Sparks On The Set: Actress Ingrid Bergman fell in love with Italian director Roberto Rossellini while filming Stromboli in 1950.

Ingrid Bergman at 100: When a Star Fell From Heaven – Biography.com
http://www.biography.com
Sparks On The Set: Actress Ingrid Bergman fell in love with Italian director Roberto Rossellini while filming Stromboli in 1950.

Immediately, Rossellini replaced his previous lover, Anna Magnani, with Bergman for the lead role in his next film Stromboli. Rumors say Rossellini had made a bet with a friend he could bed Bergman within two weeks. There are also reports that the affair started when Rossellini stayed with the Lindstroms in Hollywood, but the affair became more obvious once the pair was on set in Italy.

Bergman denied the rumors of a pregnancy to gossip columnist of the day, Hedda Hopper. Less than a week later, Hopper’s rival Louella Parsons confirmed the pregnancy. Hopper was so angry about being scooped by her arch rival that she lambasted Bergman often and most thoroughly in her columns. Ed Sullivan, who produced and hosted the biggest show on television during this time, refused to permit Bergman on his show. Denunciations came from the Vatican.

The actress was also denounced on the floor of the U. S. Senate by Senator Edwin C. Johnson of Colorado as a “powerful influence for evil.” He continued by saying, “If out of the degradation associated with Stromboli, decency and common sense can be established in Hollywood, Ingrid Bergman will not have destroyed her career for naught. Out of her ashes may come a better Hollywood.” (The Hairpin) Once the affair became public knowledge, Bergman was shunned by Hollywood and was “forced” to leave the United States. She also lost the rights to her only child, 10-year-old Pia. The international press followed Bergman and Rossellini everywhere, reporting of their “vacation” on a remote island off the Italian coast only two weeks after her arrival in Italy for filming. The contrast between Bergman’s husband Lindstrom, who was described as plain spoken, strict and religious, to the flamboyant, poised and charming Rossellini was the text of any good romantic affair.

The 2 May 1949 issue of Life magazine ran a photo of the pair holding hands and the headline “Stombolian Idyl.” The Motion Picture Association of America reportedly cabled Bergman to warn her that her behavior would destroy her acting career. Instead of taking the caution to heart, Bergman and Rossellini flaunted their affair during the summer’s filming schedule. Lindstrom had no means of contacting his wife because of the lack of phones on the island. He learned of the affair in the newsprint. Lindstrom wrote his wife and begged her to show discretion, but she answered with words of finally discovering her love and her people. Years later, Bergman claimed her marriage was already in tatters before the affair began.

“As the attacks in the press and in Hollywood mounted, she concluded that she had to abandon her career, as well as her husband. At a press conference in Rome on 5 August, she released a statement: ‘Persistent malicious gossip that has even reached the point where I am made to appear as a prisoner has obliged me to break my silence and demonstrate my free will. I have instructed my lawyer to start divorce proceedings immediately. Also, with the conclusion of the picture it is my intention to retire from private life.” (Memories)

Unable to marry in Italy after her Mexican divorce, she and Rossellini married by proxy in Mexico on 24 May 1950, three months after Robertino had been born. Two years later, Bergman bore Rossellini their twin girls, Isabella and Ingrid. Between the two pregnancies, Stromboli was released to poor reviews and poor attendance. Rossellini would not permit her to take roles in the films of other directors, and so a string of forgettable flicks were produced. Bergman said of the period, “The world hated the Rossellini version of me, so nothing worked. It was something we did not talk about. But the silences between us grew longer.” (Brunette, Peter. Roberto Rossellini. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1996 1996. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft709nb48d/)

Scandals of Classic Hollywood: Ingrid Bergman, Instrument of Evil ... thehairpin.com

Scandals of Classic Hollywood: Ingrid Bergman, Instrument of Evil …
thehairpin.com

Their marriage was annulled in 1956. Bergman then traveled to England to make Anastasia, a role which won her her second Oscar. In 1957, she won acclaim for her role in the Paris version of Tea and Sympathy. Bergman’s career was rekindled from the ashes. In 1958, she married Swedish producer Lars Schmidt. At this time, she permitted her children from Rossellini to return to their father in Rome. She won her third Oscar for best supporting actress in 1974’s Murder on the Orient Express. Bergman fought a courageous battle with breast cancer for eight years. She died on her 67th birthday on 29 August 1982.

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Sir Thomas Malory, Knight-Prisoner, Author of “Le Morte Darthur,” and Criminal?

We know that Sir Thomas Malory compiled the tales of King Arthur to give us Le Morte Darthur. But was the real Thomas Malory? 

Encyclopedia of World Biography | 2004, COPYRIGHT 2004 The Gale Group Inc., tells us some important facts regarding the author known as Thomas Malory.  “The English author Sir Thomas Malory (active 15th century) wrote Le Morte Darthur, one of the most popular prose romances of the medieval period. The work was the first full-length book in English about the adventures of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table.

“Although Le Morte Darthur (also known as Le Morte d’Arthur) is universally accepted as a masterpiece of imaginative literature, so much mystery surrounds the identity of the author (that is, which one of several Sir Thomas Malorys of the 15th century actually wrote it) that any one definitive biography seems imprudent. The only direct information extant concerning the author is that a Sir Thomas Malory completed the book while he was a “knight-prisoner” in the ninth year of Edward IV’s reign, from March 4, 1469, to March 3, 1470. All the rest is conjecture.

“In the 16th century John Bale associated Malory with Welsh origins mainly because of a place called Mailoria in Wales and because of the subject matter of the book. There are no records, however, of a Thomas Malory in Wales in the 15th century. Although several other Thomas Malorys were suggested, the next serious candidate was identified by George L. Kittredge at the end of the 19th century as Sir Thomas Malory, Knight, of New-bold Revel, Warwickshire. This Thomas Malory, who, as the record shows, led an active and colorful life, has been accepted as the author of Le Morte Darthur by most scholars.

Thomas Malory's 'Le Morte Darthur' British Library Add. MS 59678, f.35 Copyright © The British Library Board A high-quality version of this image can be purchased from British Library Images Online. www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/ onlineex/englist/malory/

Thomas Malory’s ‘Le Morte Darthur’
British Library Add. MS 59678, f.35
Copyright © The British Library Board
A high-quality version of this image can be purchased from British Library Images Online. http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/
onlineex/englist/malory/

“Although Malory’s exact date of birth is unknown (probably around the year 1410), he succeeded to his father’s estates in 1434. He served at the siege of Calais in the retinue of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, in 1436, and he was elected as knight of the shire for Warwickshire in 1445. Most of the other records show that he was frequently in conflict with the law, spending much of his last 20 years in and out of prison. In 1443 he and another man were charged with assault and robbery. Over the years he was accused of many offenses, including rape, armed assault, conspiracy to commit murder, horse stealing, and extortion. On at least two occasions he dramatically escaped from prison, and he was excluded from two general pardons in 1468. He was committed to Newgate Prison in 1460, but he was apparently freed to fight with the forces of the Earl of Warwick in Northumberland in 1462. Although he had pleaded not guilty to all charges, he probably was in prison at the time of his death on March 14, 1471.

“However, a recent study by William Matthews presents a rather convincing argument for yet another candidate, about whose life unfortunately very little is known, one Thomas Malory of Studley and Hutton, Yorkshire. Emphasizing a linguistic approach, Matthews analyzes the backgrounds and careers of four possible candidates, stating that the criteria by which they must be judged are certain facts concerning Le Morte Darthur. These facts are that the work was written by one Sir Thomas Malory and completed by 1470; that it exemplifies the religious and secular aspects of medieval chivalry; that its major source is a French book of several prose romances; that it draws heavily from Yorkshire and other northern romances; that its language is mainly standard English with frequent scattering of northern dialect words and forms; that the author was familiar with places, institutions, and legends of northern England; that he was a knight-prisoner while he wrote the book; and that he seems to have had Lancastrian sympathies. Matthews responds to the possible weaknesses in the case of the Yorkshire Malory (he is not actually described as a knight, and there is no record of his having been a prisoner) by pointing out that, although this Malory’s family was an eminent one, in the 15th century titles were used rather loosely and often not used even when appropriate, and that it was not the custom in the 15th century to keep records of prisoners of war, as Malory may have been as a result of an ill-fated expedition to France in 1469. Matthews concludes that since the author of Le Morte Darthur ‘was so remarkably familiar with northern dialect, northern literature, and northern affairs…. he must have been a northerner himself…. probably a Yorkshireman [and that] Thomas Malory of Studley and Hutton is the only Yorkshireman of appropriate name and age who has been found in documents at the appropriate time.’

Title page (N.C. Wyeth) for The Boy's King Arthur: Sir Thomas Malory's History of King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table, Edited for Boys by Sidney Lanier (1922). - Public Domain - https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur#/media/File:Boys_King_ Arthur_-_N._C._Wyeth_-title_page.jpg

Title page (N.C. Wyeth) for The Boy’s King Arthur: Sir Thomas Malory’s History of King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table, Edited for Boys by Sidney Lanier (1922). – Public Domain – https://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur#/media/File:Boys_King_
Arthur_-_N._C._Wyeth_-title_page.jpg

“In any case, Malory related in vigorous prose the familiar stories of the Arthurian legend. The work was first published in 1485 by William Caxton. In this edition it is divided into books and chapters, thus making it appear to have continuity, while the version in the Winchester manuscript is divided into a series of individually entitled tales, indicating to some scholars a lack of artistic unity. The sources for Malory’s work are mainly 13th-century French prose romances, with the exception of book V, which is a prose adaptation of the alliterative Morte Arthur, a 14th-century English poem.”

Meanwhile, The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press, gives us this answer to the true identity of Sir Thomas Malory: “Malory, Sir Thomas, d. 1471, English author of Morte d’Arthur. It is almost certain that he was Sir Thomas Malory of Newbold Revell, Warwickshire. Knighted in 1442, he served in the parliament of 1445. He was evidently a violent, lawless individual who committed a series of crimes, including poaching, extortion, robbery, rape, and attempted murder. Most of his life from 1451 on was spent in prison, and he probably did most of his writing there. Malory’s original book was called The Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table and was made up of eight romances that were more or less separate. William Caxton printed it in 1485 and gave it the misleading title of Morte d’Arthur. This work is generally regarded as the most significant accomplishment in English literature in the two centuries between the works of Chaucer and those of such masters as Spenser and Shakespeare. The last medieval English work of the Arthurian legend, Malory’s tales are supposedly based on an assortment of French prose romances. The Morte d’Arthur is noted for its excellent dramatic narrative and the beauty of its rhythmic and simple language. It remains the standard source for later versions of the legend.”

Plot of the Story: The story contains the famous legends surrounding King Arthur, his knights of the Round Table, and his lovely queen Guinevere. It is a compilation of stories based upon French and English sources. For the first time, the cycle of stories, which had been developing gradually, are woven into a consecutive and loosely unified whole centered in Arthur and the Round Table. The Morte D’Arthur serves as the standard source for later treatments of the Arthurian subjects. In 21 books, the story covers the founding of Arthur’s kingdom, the institutions of chivalry practiced by the knights sitting at the Round Table, the quest for the Holy Grail, Arthur’s death, and the fall of his kingdom. 

The sample page of the document above gives us, “This page opens the third book. It starts, “In the begynnyng of Arthure, after he was chosen kynge by adventure and by grace…” People’s names and some place names are shown in red lettering, known as ‘rubrication’. Malory goes on to describe the wedding of Arthur to Queen Guinevere. Arthur tells Merlin, “I love Guenever the king’s daughter, Leodegrance of the land of Cameliard, the which holdeth in his house the Round Table that ye told he had of my father Uther.” (British Library Online)

Posted in Age of Chaucer, British history, Great Britain, real life tales | Tagged , , , , , | 3 Comments

Only Two Days Left to Take Advantage of a Sale on 20 of Your Favorite Titles from Regina Jeffers

Js997182225273020514_c21_i1_w250ust in time for the New Year, these titles are available in eBook format, each for $2.50 or less. Load up those eReaders while you may. The sale ends 4 January 2016. BOOKS ARE AVAILABLE FROM KINDLE, NOOK, AND KOBO. 

 

Jane Austen Titles…

dpcover2CFWP Crop2Darcy’s Passions: Pride and Prejudice Retold Through His Eyes 

Captain Frederick Wentworth’s Persuasion: Austen’s Classic Retold Through His Eyes 

 

 

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Elizabeth Bennet’s Deception: A Pride and Prejudice VagaryUnknown-2

Mr. Darcy’s Fault: A Pride and Prejudice Vagary

 

 

 

EBEA Cover-2 copyElizabeth Bennet’s Excellent Adventure: A Pride and Jeffers-H&H2Prejudice Vagary

Honor and Hope: A Contemporary Pride and Prejudice

 

 

Regency Historicals and Contemporaries…

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A Touch of Scandal: Book 1 of the Realm SeriesATOV eBook Cover

A Touch of Velvet: Book 2 of the Realm Series

 

 

 

ATOGraceCrop2

ATOCcrop2A Touch of Cashémere: Book 3 of the Realm Series

A Touch of Grace: Book 4 of the Realm Series

 

 

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A Touch of Mercy: Book 5 of the Realm Series

A Touch of Love: Book 6 of the Realm Series

 

 

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A Touch of Honor: Book 7 of the Realm Series

A Touch of Emerald: The Conclusion of the Realm Series

 

 

HAHS

Unknown-1His American Heartsong: A Companion to the Realm Series

His Irish Eve

 

 

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FWCCoverjpgcropThe First Wives’ Club

Second Chances: The Courtship Wars

 

 

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Holiday Novella: 

One Minute Past Christmas 

 

 

Do Not Forget: My latest Austen cozy mystery is still available for $4.99 in eBook format. All 5 ***** Reviews: The Prosecution of Mr. Darcy’s Cousin: A Pride and Prejudice Mystery.PoMDC Cover-2-2

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References to Austen’s Life and Writing in the Film “Becoming Jane”

bj6Becoming Jane is an imaginative, romantic tale that captures Jane Austen’s spirit, while playing with the truth. Many of us who delve in Austen-inspired literature write our own “what if” stories, but one must be able to suspend reality and accept the witty, enchanting romance as all good storytelling to truly enjoy this film. (I did. So, I’m not offering that point as a criticism – only as a warning for those unfamiliar with the movie.) This film takes some well known facts from Austen’s life and spins them into an ingenious tale of lost love.

The film opens in the year 1795 and explores the feisty beginnings of an emerging 20-year-old writer, who wishes to live beyond what is expected of her – to actually marry for love. Anne Hathaway portrays Jane Austen, and James McAvoy plays the non-aristocratic Tom Lefroy, whose intellect and arrogance first raises young Jane’s ire and then captivates her heart.

 

Grosvenor House Art and Antiques Fair undated handout photo of a rare miniature portrait of Tom Lefroy, the Irishman who the young Jane Austen loved and lost and who may have been the inspiration for her handsome fictional character Mr Darcy in Pride and Prejeudice, and will go on sale at The Grosvenor House Art & Antiques Fair in London from 12-18 June 2008. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Issue date: Monday June 9 2008. See PA story SALE Austen. Photo credit should read: Grosvenor House Art and Antiques Fair/PA Wire

Grosvenor House Art and Antiques Fair undated handout photo of a rare miniature portrait of Tom Lefroy, the Irishman who the young Jane Austen loved and lost and who may have been the inspiration for her handsome fictional character Mr Darcy in Pride and Prejeudice, and will go on sale at The Grosvenor House Art & Antiques Fair in London from 12-18 June 2008. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Issue date: Monday June 9 2008. See PA story SALE Austen. Photo credit should read: Grosvenor House Art and Antiques Fair/PA Wire

Juliann Jarrold, the film’s director says that “A couple of recent biographies have sort of honed in on this romance with Tom Lefroy, because it’s the older bios that tend to say she [Austen] didn’t have this romance; that somehow, out of her imagination, she was able to portray these amazing characters. Straight after [the alleged romance], she started writing First Impressions – and then Sense and Sensibility, and Northanger Abbey.” (BTW, do you not love the facial similarities between the real Tom Lefroy and James McAvoy in this pictures?)

bj3The film is known for taking the truth and making it a reality. For example, there is some evidence that Ann Radcliffe influenced Jane Austen; however, the film creates a meeting between the two. During this encounter, Radcliffe asks Austen of what she will write.
Radcliffe: Of what do you wish to write?
Jane: The heart.
Radcliffe: Do you know it?
Jane: Not all of it.
Radcliffe: In time you will. If not…well, that situation is what imagination is for.
The film also provides us with plenty of “Jane” talk.

For example, we hear part of the story/poem that Jane created as a tribute to her sister Cassandra’s engagement. “The boundaries of propriety were vigorously assaulted, as was only right, but not quite breached, as was also right. Nevertheless, she was not pleased.”

When others question Jane’s ambitions to become a novelist, she responds,
“Novels are poor insipid things, read by mere women, even, God forbid, written by women.”

But beyond the plot’s twists and turns, Becoming Jane playfully references Austen’s themes, characters, and story lines. So my question is how many such references can you name? Here are some (but not all) that I noted.

bj1From Pride and Prejudice, we find…
Jane’s character resembles a cross between the flirtatious Lydia Bennet, who loves to dance, and Elizabeth Bennet, whose verbal swordplay with Mr. Darcy is enticing. Mr. Warren is the klutzy clergyman whose proposal reminds us all of Mr. Collins. (He also is a bit like Mr. Elton in Emma.)
Lady Gresham (Maggie Smith) is so Lady Catherine De Bourgh. She does not want Wisley to consider Jane as a mate, and I love the scene where she mentions “a little wilderness.”
Lefroy’s character reminds of us the “worthless” activities of George Wickham early on in the film. Like Wickham, Lefroy studies law, but with not much success. Later he is very much Darcy in his judgment of “country” life.

From Sense and Sensibility, we find …
Like Marianne Dashwood, Jane’s decisions are not based on “sense,” but on her “sensibility” (emotional response).
Jane’s situation, if she does not marry Wisley, will be very much like the Dashwood sisters after losing their home.

bj4From Northanger Abbey, we find …
Jane plays cricket, very much as did Catherine Morland.
Jane defends her desire to write novels.
The scene in Uncle Benjamin’s house between Jane and Lefroy reminds one of the staircase scene between Henry Tilney and Catherine Morland.
References to Ann Radcliffe’s (as well as other Gothic novels) are made in the novel. In the film, Jane visits Radcliffe. bj2

From Mansfield Park, we find …
Lady Gresham’s line to Jane about her duty to marry well reminds us of those spoken by Lady Bertram to Fanny Price.
Lady Bertram spends her days with her pug dog, as does Countess Eliza, Jane’s cousin.
From Persuasion, we find …
Although she loves him, Jane breaks an engagement with Lefroy so that he has a chance for a better future. This is similar to what happens between Anne Elliot and Captain Wentworth.

tom2blefroyIn the novel, Anne meets Wentworth at a concert, where she must translate the opera for her cousin. She recognizes their love still exists, but she can say nothing. “How was the truth to reach him?” In the film, Jane meets Lefory many years after their separation at a concert. He has married and has a daughter named “Jane.”

Posted in British history, Great Britain, Jane Austen, Living in the Regency, real life tales, Regency era | Tagged , , , , , , , , , | 4 Comments

A Jane Austen Time Line

george-austen411-correction1764-The Reverend George Austen marries Cassandra Leigh. They take up residence at Deane Parsonage in Hampshire.

1765 (to 1819) – Brother James was born. Like his sister, James had literary aspirations, but he never knew even the success than Jane could claim. “Often thought by the family to be the “literary one” (see his poem on Sense and Sensibjames_austen1wility), one of Austen’s brothers James followed in his father’s footsteps attending Oxford university at the age of 14 in 1779. After his ordination in 1787, he and his brother Henry edited a university magazine called The Loiterer, which ran for sixty issues. (Some issues of The Loiterer are available on-line.) After his marriage, he became his father’s curate at Deane, and after his retirement, James took on the duties of the Steventon as well.” (www.janeausten.co.uk/jane-austens-brothers)

1766 (to 1838) – George Austen was born. “Not much is known about young George Austen. Though he lived a relatively long life, characteristic of the Leigh side of the family, he spent the whole of it living with a farming family a few miles from Steventon. Some scholars believe he was mentally retarded, others that he was merely deaf, speculation rising from Jane Austen’s comment that she was fluent in “finger speaking”. Regardless of the cause, George was destined to play little part in the Austen’s brothers and family daily lives.” (www.janeausten.co.uk/jane-austens-brothers/)

edwardknight1767 (to 1852) -Edward Austen was born. Later, he was adopted by Thomas Knight. Because the Knight family had no children, Edward inherited all their property. “Edward was the only Austen brother not to have a profession. Early in the 1780’s he was adopted by Mr. Austen’s Patron, the rich but childless Thomas and Catherine Knight. Instead of going off to University, He was sent on the “grand tour” of continental Europe in 1786-1788, and eventually inherited their estate of Godmersham, Kent, and took the last name of “Knight.” As part of his inheritance, Edward also acquired Steventon and an estate in Chawton. It was a cottage attached to the latter that he made available to his widowed mother and sisters, and here that millions of fans tour each year when they visit “Jane Austen’s Home.” (http://www.janeausten.co.uk/jane-austens-brothers/)

steventon-rectory-engraving1767 – The Austens move to Steventon Rectory. “The village of Steventon lies nestled in a quiet spot between two main routes from Basingstoke: the Andover road at Deane to the north, where stage coaches to and from London halted twice a day, and the Winchester road to the south near Dummer, which was known as Popham Lane. Like Elizabeth Bennett in Pride and Prejudice, Jane was a keen walker and often walked to Popham Lane, where the family collected their letters at what is now known as the Wheatsheaf Inn.

“The late 17th century house, repaired in the 1760s for the Austens’ occupation, had seven bedrooms. Its flat facade was broken up by evenly placed windows, and a trellised porch almost more suited to a cottage formed a centrepiece.

“Outside there were fields where Mr Austen farmed and his wife grew potatoes (at that time quite an innovation), formal gardens with a turf walk, sundial, strawberry beds, and a grassy bank down which the young Jane, possibly enjoyed rolling as a child, like Catherine Morland in Northanger Abbey. There was also a carriage sweep, and a barn used for private theatricals except in winter, when the dining room had to suffice. Later, a double hedgerow with mixed shrubs and wild flowers was added, for use as a private footpath to the church. At the side of the Rectory were chestnut, fir and elm trees. The elms met with a violent end on 8 November 1800, when one of the “great winds” that recurred throughout the 18th century blew down all but one under Jane’s very eyes.” (Steventon – Jane Austen’s Home)

1771 (to 1850) – Jane’s brother Henry was born. It was with Henry’s influence that Jane found her publisher. “Henry was Jane Austen’s favorite brother and the sibling most like her in looks and temperament. He was witty and enthusiastic in whatever he did; the eternal optimhenryaustenist, though success did not always find him. He entered Oxford in 1788 in time to co edit the Loiterer with his brother James. He and James also shared a passion for the same woman, their widowed cousin, Eliza de Feuillide. She eventually chose Henry, 10 years her junior, and they were married in 1797.” (http://www.janeausten.co.uk/jane-austens-brothers/)

cassandrasil1773 (to 1845) – Cassandra Austen is born. “In about 1794, Cassandra became engaged to a former student of her father’s, Thomas Fowle. This engagement carried on for some time as Tom was waiting for a family living in Shropshire to become available. Eventually, he decided to join the military as an army chaplain and was sent to the Caribbean. Unfortunately he contracted Yellow Fever and died there in 1797. It was some time before the Austens heard the news and while Cassandra benefited from an annuity left in his will (she inherited Tom’s savings of £1000 which yielded about £50 per year.) she never recovered from this blow and, like Jane, never married.” (http://www.janeausten.co.uk/cassandra-austen-jane-austens-beloved-older-sister/)

donotcopy1774 (to 1865) – The first of Jane’s sea-faring brothers, Francis, was born. “Francis Austen had, perhaps, the most glorious career of the Austen brothers, serving in the Navy from the age of 12 and eventually achieving Knighthood as Sir Francis Austen and rising to the position of Admiral of the Fleet. Considered by Admiral Nelson to be “an excellent young man”, he narrowly missed involvement in the battle of Trafalgar due to his temporary detachment as captain of a captured French Ship, the Canopus. It is doubtless this connection which gave Jane Austen such an admiration for the men of the Royal Navy. A look at his career proclaims him not only the inspiration for the young Lieutenant William Price in Mansfield Park, but even more so for the unforgettable Captain Wentworth of Persuasion. Even the high points of their promotions stem from the same Battle, The Action off Santo Domingo.” (http://www.janeausten.co.uk/jane-austens-brothers/)

1775 (to 1817)On December 16, Jane Austen is born.

1779 (to 1852) – Charles Austen was born. Charles spent seven years in the British navy’s efforts in the West Indies. “Charles was Jane’s darling little brother, clearly a favorite with both sisters as a boy. Though his career was nowhere near as distinguished as that of his brother, he also joined the Naval Academy as Midshipman at the age of 12 and rose to become a Rear-Admiral. Much to the regret of his family, he was stationed in the West Indies where he remained for seven years straight, returning at the end of that time with a wife and child. It was Charles’ gift of Topaz Crosses to his sisters which inspired a similar scene in Mansfield Park. Charles Austen’s ship, Endymion captured many prizes during the war with France, leaving him a comfortable settlement. He died, at age 75, still on Active Duty, during a naval river-war in Burma.” (http://www.janeausten.co.uk/jane-austens-brothers/

1782 – The first theatrical presentation is performed by the Austen family in their home. Jane is 6 years old at the time.

1783 – Cassandra and Jane Austen are sent to Oxford, England to be educated by a private tutor named Ann Cawley. Both girls contract typhoid fever during an outbreak and return home to Steventon. Jane comes close to dying.

1784 – The Austen family performs Sheridan’s The Rivals.

1785 – Jane Austen enrolls in boarding school at Abbey School in Reading.

1786 – The family’s money runs out and Austen returns to Steventon from boarding school. The rest of her education is completed at home from her father’s voluminous library. Austen lives with her parents and sister for the rest of her life.

1787 – Jane’s formal education ends, and she begins to write short stories and poems that later are collectively referred to as the Juvenilia and consists of three bound notebooks of works. She preserves scraps of her early writing in Volume the First.

1790 – Jane pens Love and Friendship and dedicates the work to cousin Eliza. It is believed that at about this time, she makes the conscious decision to write for profit and become a professional writer.

1793 – The last pieces are added to Volume the Third.  Austen begins Lady Susan, a novella told in the form of a series of letters (epistolary). She works on it for two years. She begins to write and later abandons a short play entitled Charles Grandison or the Happy Man, a six act comedy. Jane also pens the poem “Ode to Pity.” She is 17 years of age. Jane’s nieces Anna and Fanny Austen are born. 

1795 – Jane writes Elinor and Marianne.

1795 December – Austen meets Tom LeFroy, an Irish law student who is the nephew of her neighbor. Austen and LeFroy spend time together during his month-long visit to Steventon. He leaves in January 1796 and soon becomes engaged to someone else, ending whatever relationship they had. Austen writes affectionately of LeFroy to her sister, prompting later speculation that he is the real-life inspiration for her male characters.

1796 – The first of the letters, which were preserved, are dated from this year. For example, in a January letter, Jane writes of flirting with Tom Lefroy, and in an October one, she tells of beginning First Impressions. This work remains her most famous piece (better known as Pride and Prejudice).

1797 – Jane finishes First Impressions. It is offered to the publisher, Cadell, who declines Rev. Austen’s presentation of the manuscript.
Jane decides to revise Elinor and Marianne (Sense and Sensibility).

1798 – Jane completes her revisions of Elinor and Marianne. This revision removed the epistolary point of view and stages the story in the more traditional 3rd person perspective. Jane begins writing Susan, which is later called Catherine and finally Northanger Abbey. Her nephew (and future biographer), James Edward Austen is born.

1799 – Jane finishes Susan. She and her mother visit Bath and stay for some time in Queen Square.  

1800 – Jane’s parents decide to retire in Bath. Jane completes her short story “Sir Charles Grandison or the Happy Man,” as well as Susan

1801 – In January, Jane spends time with her long time friends, Catherine and Alethea Bigg in Hampshire at Manydown Park. In May, Jane’s parents take a lease on 4 Sydney Place in Bath.

1802 – In September, Charles, Jane and Cassandrea visit Godmersham. In late November, Jane again visits with the Bigg sisters at Manydown Park.

1802, December 2 – Harris Bigg-Wither proposes. Just before her 27th birthday, Jane Austen receives her only marriage proposal. A recent Oxford grad named Harris Bigg-Wither proposes to Austen while she is visiting his sisters. Realizing that the marriage would be good for her family’s circumstances, Austen accepts. The next morning, however, she changes her mind and withdraws her acceptance. Bigg-Wither marries two years later; Austen never does.

1803  Susan is sold to publisher Crosby for £10. But the book is never published, and Austen’s family later buys back the rights to the work. The family spends time at Godmersham.

1804 – Jane’s family moves to Green Park Buildings, Bath. They spend the summer months in Lyme Regis. On December 16 (Jane’s 29th birthday), friend and mentor, Madam Lefroy, is killed in a freak horse riding accident.

1805 – Rev. George Austen dies suddenly from an illness on January 21. Jane begins The Watsons, which she soon abandons. Her family moves to 25 Gay Street in the spring and then to Trim Street in the autumn. Her father’s death leaves his wife and sisters financially dependent on his sons. The Austen women first rent a house in Bath, then move in with Jane’s brother Frank and his new wife in Southampton.

1806 – Jane and Cassandra visit Manydown Park in February. In August, they join Mrs. Austen’s cousin in Warwickshire. 

1807 – The Austen women (mother, Jane, and Cassandra) take a house with brother Frank and his wife in Castle Square, Southampton.

1808 – Another visit to the Bigg family comes in January. Brother Edward offers the Chawton cottage to his mother and sisters in October.

1809 – On Wednesday, April 5, Jane writes an angry letter (under the pseudonym Mrs. Ashley Dennis = M.A.D.) to publisher Benjamin Crosby and offers up a revised version of the manuscript for Susan to force Crosby’s hand in publishing the work or returning it to her possession. Crosby claims that no timeline was ever set for the book’s publication and as such Ms. Austen can continue waiting or purchase back the rights to the novel. Without the means to do so, Jane cannot reclaim the rights. In July, the women (Mrs. Austen, Cassandra, and Jane) move into the Chawton cottage.

1810 Sense and Sensibility is accepted for publishing by Thomas Egerton.

1811 – Jane begins writing Mansfield Park. In March, Jane visits Henry and wife Eliza in London. In November, Egerton publishes Sense and Sensibility, whose author is identified on the cover only as “a Lady.” Austen’s name is not attached to any of the novels she publishes during her lifetime.

1812 – Much of the year is spent revising First Impressions. The copyright for First Impressions is sold to Thomas Egerton for publication for the sum of 110 pounds.

1813 – In January, Jane releases Pride and Prejudice. Thanks to numerous resources employed by Thomas Egerton, the novel is an instant success. In late April, Jane leaves for London to attend to an ailing Eliza, who dies three days later, leaving Austen’s brother Henry a widower. By July, Mansfield Park is finished. In October, the first edition of Sense and Sensibility is sold out, and a second printing is ordered.

1814 – Austen begins Emma in the early part of the year. In May, Mansfield Park is published. Although ignored by professional reviewers, the novel is nonetheless a success. The first edition sells out in just six months. Mansfield Park becomes Jane’s most profitable venture to date.

1815 – Jane begins Persuasion. She and Henry negotiate with famed publisher John Murray for the publication of Emma. In November, James Stanier Clarke, the librarian of the Prince Regent (later King George IV), a big fan of Austen’s work, invites her to the prince’s London home and suggests that she dedicate her soon-to-be-published book to him. Austen is not a fan of the prince, but is unable to refuse a request from the future monarch. Emma is published the next month with a dedication to the prince. It is the last novel published in her lifetime.

1816 – In January, Henry Austen purchases the copyright to Susan from Benjamin Crosby. The title is changed to Catherine. Sales of the second edition of Mansfield Park do not meet expectations, negating the earnings from Emma. Sir Walter Scott gives Emma favorable notice in Quarterly Reviews. In March, Henry’s bank venture fails, forcing the Austen family into financial uncertainty and delaying the publications of The Elliots and Catherine. In addition, investments in a venture by brothers Edward, James, and Frank are lost. Austen begins to feel the first signs of a long, progressive illness that saps her energy. She continues to work on two novels, The Elliots (Persuasion) and Catherine (Northanger Abbey), but is delayed by her illness and by financial troubles caused by the failure of her brother Henry’s bank. In May, Cassandra escorts Jane to Cheltenham to seek medical care. In August, Jane finishes Persuasion, rewriting the concluding two chapters for a more satisfying ending. She takes ill shortly afterwards.

May 1817 – A bed-ridden Jane and Cassandra Austen move to Winchester in order to be closer to Austen’s doctor.

1817 – In January, she begins The Brothers (Sanditon), but abandons it in March (with 12 completed chapters) due to her health issues. In April, she pens a short will. In July, Jane Austen dies. She is buried in Winchester Cathedral. Persuasion and Northanger Abbey are published posthumously with a Biographical Notice written by Henry in which he publicly identifies her for the first time as the author of her previous novels. Sales start strong but fall off just as quickly.

1820 – John Murray destroys the remaining unsold copies of Northanger Abbey and Persuasion. 

1832 – Richard Bentley purchases all the remaining copyrights to Jane Austen’s works. In December, after a 12 year hiatus of no Austen works in publication, Bentley publishes all of the works in a collection of illustrated five-volume series known as the Standard Novels.

1833 – Bentley publishes the collected works of Jane Austen for the first time. Jane Austen’s novels would never go out of print again.

1869 – Austen’s nephew James Edward Austen-Leigh publishes a biography of his aunt entitled A Memoir of Jane Austen. The memoir sparks renewed interest in the writer.

1883 – The first popular editions of Austen’s novels are published, sparking Austen fandom that continues to this day. Critic (and father of Virginia Woolf) Leslie Stephens calls her rabid following “Austenolatry.”

Some of the facts included in this list come from Shmoop, while others not cited come from JaneAusten.org.

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A Touch of Christmas Trivia

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**Bing Crosby and Danny Kaye starred in 1954’s White Christmas. But did you know that the movie was the first one to be made in Vista Vision?

**The Philippines celebrated Christmas as long ago as 1280-1320 A.D. That was 200 years before Ferdinand Magellan discovered the country.

**A choirmaster at Cologne Cathedral was the first to shape candy canes with a “shepherd’s crook.” At that time, canes were plain white sugar candy. It was the 20th century before anyone added the stripes.

Scrooge**Charles Dickens’s originally planned for Scrooge to say “Bah Christmas.”

**Frankincense was burned by the Romans on their altars and at cremations. It was a valuable resin and was very costly. It is a sweet smelling gum resin from Boswellia trees. Frankincense was presented to the Christ Child by the black king, Balthasar.

**Oklahoma was the last U.S. state to declare Christmas a legal holiday. That happened in 1947.

**Dutch children receive gifts left in shoes rather than to hang Christmas stockings. The gifts are received any time between mid-November and December 5, which is St. Nicholas’s birthday.

**The modern version of a stable is wooden. However, if one studies the Biblical time period, he would realize that it was likely that Jesus Christ was born in a cave rather than a wooden stable. Caves were used to keep animals out of the intense heat of that area of the world. In fact, a large church is now built around the cave. People can go down inside the cave to see the reported scene.

** “Silent Night” was written in 1818 by an Austrian priest Joseph Mohr. The church organ was in disrepair, and Mohr did not want the ceremony to have no music. So, he composed three stanzas which could be sung by the choir to guitar music.

**”The Twelve Days of Christmas” was written to help Catholic children, in England, to remember different articles of faith during the persecution by Protestant Monarchs. The “true love” is God.
“Partridge in a pear tree” = Christ
2 Turtle Doves = Old and New Testament
3 French Hens = Faith, Hope, and Charity (Theological Virtues)
4 Calling Birds = the Four Gospels
5 Golden Rings = The “Pentateuch”
6 Geese A-Laying = the days of the Creation
7 Swans A-Swimming = the seven sacraments
9 Maids A-Milking = the eight beatitudes
10 Lords A-Leaping = the Ten Commandments
11 Pipers Piping = eleven apostles who remained faithful
12 Drummers Drumming = the twelve point of doctrine in the Apostle’s Creed

Other fab links for Christmas-themed trivia:

http://www.xmasfun.com/Trivia.aspx

http://icebreakerideas.com/christmas-trivia/

http://www.christmastrivia.net

http://facts.randomhistory.com/christmas-facts.html

http://www.corsinet.com/braincandy/xmastrivia.html (Lots of interesting facts here.)

http://thefw.com/christmas-facts/ (Contains some special items specific to Christmas)

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The Treasure of “Frankincense” Buried in History

250px-Frankincense_2005-12-31 Frankincense, also called olibanum  is an aromatic resin obtained from trees of the genus Boswellia, particularly Boswellia sacra, B. carteri, B. thurifera, B. frereana and B. bhaw-dajiana (Burseraceae). The English word is derived from Old French “franc encens” (i.e. high quality incense) and is used in incense and perfumes.

(Image above from Wikipedia) There are four main species of Boswellia that produce true frankincense and resin from each of the four is available in various grades. The grades depend on the time of harvesting. The resin is hand-sorted for quality.

Description [Wikipedia]
Frankincense is tapped from the scraggly but hardy trees by slashing the bark, which is called striping, and allowing the exuded resin to bleed out and harden. These hardened resins are called tears. The aroma from these tears are more valuable for their presumed healing abilities and are also said to have superior qualities for religious ritual.

There are several species and varieties of frankincense trees, each producing a slightly different type of resin. Differences in soil and climate create even more diversity of the resin, even within the same species. Boswellia Sacra trees are considered unusual for their ability to grow in environments so unforgiving that they sometimes grow out of solid rock.

The initial means of attachment to the rock is unknown but is accomplished by a bulbous disk-like swelling of the trunk. This growth prevents it from being ripped from the rock during violent storms that frequent this region. This feature is slight or absent in trees grown in rocky soil or gravel. The trees start producing resin when they are about eight to 10 years old. Tapping is done two to three times a year with the final taps producing the best tears due to their higher aromatic terpene, sesquiterpene and diterpene content.

Generally speaking, the more opaque resins are the best quality. Fine resin is produced in Somalia and along the northern coast of Somalia, from which the Roman Catholic Church draws its supplies.

Recent studies have indicated that frankincense tree populations are declining, partly due to over-exploitation. Heavily tapped trees produce seeds that germinate at only 16% while seeds of trees that had not been tapped germinate at more than 80%. In addition, burning, grazing, and attacks by the longhorn beetle have reduced the tree population. Conversion (clearing) of frankincense woodlands to agriculture is also a major threat.

History

“Familiar by name, yet otherwise perfectly obscure – this much fabled Arabian tree has been as famous as it has been elusive since long before the birth of Christ, when the three wise men from the East brought it as a gift to that humble stable in Bethlehem. We do not know how far the use of Frankincense goes back in time, but we do know that it already scented the Egyptian Temples to honour Ra and Horus and it is said that Queen Sheba brought a great number of Frankincense trees as a special gift for King Solomon. Unfortunately those trees were destined to die as Frankincense trees only grow in a very limited geographic range and very arid conditions. Nevertheless, it’s the thought that counts and bringing all these trees was indeed a very strong sign of honour and respect. In the ancient world incense trees fuelled the economy of the Arab world as oil does today. Trading cities positioned at important points of the spice or incense routes prospered considerably thanks to the thoroughfare business. At one time Frankincense was more valuable than gold – needless to say, a situation much relished by the traders who only benefited from the obscurity and remoteness of the trees. Legend had it that the trees only grew in the most inhospitable mountainous places, guarded by dragon-like creatures that would readily strike out at any intruder. Obviously such stories were invented to scare off any attempts of enterprising and adventurous young men who otherwise perhaps might have ventured in search of the trees to do a little harvesting themselves. But, scare tactics aside, the long journey across the desert was no amble down the garden path – it was fraught with peril and as potentially dangerous as it was lucrative.”Frankincense has been traded on the Arabian Peninsula and in North Africa for more than 5000 years. A mural depicting sacks of frankincense traded from the Land of Punt adorns the walls of the temple of ancient Egyptian Queen Hatshepsut, who died circa 1458 BC. The charred remains of frankincense, called kohl, was crushed and used to make the distinctive eyeliner seen on ancient Egyptians.” [Sacred Earth]

Leaves and flowers of a Boswellia sacra tree, a common source of frankincense http://www.history.com/news/a-wise-mans-cure-frankincense-and-myrrh

Leaves and flowers of a Boswellia sacra tree, a common source of frankincense http://www.history.com/news/a-wise-mans-cure-frankincense-and-myrrh

“What made frankincense so precious that the wise men of New Testament fame bestowed it upon the infant Jesus? Scientists at Cardiff University in Wales have an answer that may have eluded the three kings of the Bible: It may help relieve and alleviate the painful symptoms of arthritis, which affects millions of people around the world.

Frankincense and the other plant-derived treasure given to the newborn Jesus in the New Testament narrative—myrrh—have a long history dating back thousands of years. Though perhaps best known for their use in incense and ancient rituals, these substances—both of which boast proven antiseptic and inflammatory properties—were once considered effective remedies for everything from toothaches to leprosy. ‘We have textual—and also archaeological—evidence that both frankincense and myrrh were used as medicinal substances in antiquity,’ confirmed Alain Touwaide, a historian of medicine at the Institute for the Preservation of Medical Traditions and the Smithsonian Institution. Today, researchers like the Cardiff team are drawing on this centuries-old knowledge to develop modern treatments for a variety of disorders. Find out more about these healing gifts of the magi.” [History]

“Frankincense was one of the consecrated incenses (HaKetoret) described in the Hebrew Bible and Talmud used in Ketoret ceremonies. The frankincense of the Jews, as well as of the Greeks and Romans, is also called Olibanum (from the Arabic al-lubbān). Old Testament references report it in trade from Sheba (Isaiah 60:6 ; Jeremiah 6:20). Frankincense is mentioned in the Song of Solomon (Song of Solomon 4:14).

“It was offered on a specialized incense altar in the time when the Tabernacle was located in the First and Second Jerusalem Temples. The ketoret was an important component of the Temple service in Jerusalem. It is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible book of Exodus 30:34, where it is named levonah (lebonah in the Biblical Hebrew), meaning “white” in Hebrew. It was one of the ingredients in the perfume of the sanctuary (Exodus 30:34), and was used as an accompaniment of the meal-offering (Leviticus 2:1, 2:16, 6:15, 24:7). When burnt it emitted a fragrant odour, and the incense was a symbol of the Divine name (Malachi 1:11 ; Song of Solomon 1:3) and an emblem of prayer (Psalm 141:2 ; Luke 1:10 ; Revelation 5:8, 8:3). It was often associated with myrrh (Song of Solomon 3:6, 4:6) and with it was made an offering to the infant Jesus (Matthew 2:11). A specially “pure” kind, lebhonah zakkah, was presented with the shewbread (Leviticus 24:7).

“While burning incense was accepted as a practice in the later Roman Catholic church, the early church during Roman times forbade the use of incense in services resulting in a rapid decline in the incense trade.”

“Frankincense was reintroduced to Europe by Frankish Crusaders, although its name refers to its quality, not to the Franks themselves. Although it is better known as “frankincense” to westerners, the resin is also known as olibanum, in Arabic al-lubān (roughly translated: “that which results from milking”), a reference to the milky sap tapped from the Boswellia tree. Some have also postulated that the name comes from the Arabic term for “Oil of Lebanon” since Lebanon was the place where the resin was sold and traded with Europeans.

“The lost city of Ubar, sometimes identified with Irem in what is now the town of Shisr in Oman, is believed to have been a center of the frankincense trade along the recently rediscovered “Incense Road.” Ubar was rediscovered in the early 1990s and is now under archaeological excavation.

“The Greek historian Herodotus was familiar with Frankincense and knew it was harvested from trees in southern Arabia. He reported that the gum was dangerous to harvest because of venomous snakes that lived in the trees. He goes on to describe the method used by the Arabs to get around this problem, that being the burning of the gum of the styrax tree whose smoke would drive the snakes away. The resin is also mentioned by Theophrastus and by Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia.

“Southern Arabia was a major exporter of frankincense in ancient times, with some of it being traded as far as China. The Chinese writer and customs inspector Zhao Rugua wrote on the origin of Frankincense being traded to China:

“‘Ruxiang or xunluxiang comes from the three Dashi countries of Murbat (Maloba), Shihr (Shihe), and Dhofar (Nufa), from the depths of the remotest mountains. The tree which yields this drug may generally be compared to the pine tree. Its trunk is notched with a hatchet, upon which the resin flows out, and, when hardened, turns into incense, which is gathered and made into lumps. It is transported on elephants to the Dashi (on the coast), who then load it upon their ships to exchange it for other commodities in Sanfoqi. This is the reason why it is commonly collected at and known as a product of Sanfoqi.'” [Wikipedia]

 

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Winner of a 2016 Jane Austen Illustrated Calendar

party-clip-art-balloons-different-coloursCongratulations to Kier Salmon the winner of a 2016 Jane Austen Illustrated Calendar, designed by the lovely Janet Taylor.

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